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PreprintCC BYChemRxiv

Disentangling element‑specific pathways in solvothermal formation of platinum-group metal complex solid solutions

  • Andreas Dueholm Bertelsen1,2
  • Raul Castellano Perdomo1,2
  • Magnus Nørgaard Kløve1,2
  • Anders Bæk Borup1,2
  • Bo Brummerstedt Iversen1,2
  • Andreas Kolding Bertelsen
  1. 1Center for Sustainable Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry and iNANO
  2. 2Aarhus University
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Abstract

Platinum‑group metal (PGM) complex solid‑solution nanoparticles exhibit unique catalytic properties due to a homogeneous atomic‑scale distribution of multiple elements within a single crystalline phase. Despite their importance, the mechanisms governing their solvothermal formation remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the solvothermal synthesis of multicomponent Pt–Ir–Pd–Rh–Ru nanoparticles by in situ powder X‑ray diffraction, enabling time‑resolved monitoring across a wide compositional space of ternary and quaternary alloys. Lattice‑parameter evolution confirms incorporation of all elements into a common fcc phase with a systematic iridium deficiency. Crystallite size correlates with elemental heat of fusion, identifying lattice energy as a key parameter controlling particle growth. Formation pathways are strongly element specific: Pd‑free systems form homogeneous alloys directly, whereas Pd‑containing systems follow a two‑step mechanism involving initial Pd‑rich crystallisation and diffusion‑controlled alloying when Pt is present. Pd without Pt yields inhomogeneous multiphase products, contradicting the assumption that Pd seeding is required for homogeneous PGM alloy formation. Overall, this study demonstrates how in situ X‑ray diffraction can accelerate materials discovery while also providing general mechanistic insight into multicomponent solvothermal alloy formation.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@misc{bertelsen2026disentangling,
  title = {{Disentangling element‑specific pathways in solvothermal formation of platinum-group metal complex solid solutions}},
  author = {Andreas Dueholm Bertelsen and Raul Castellano Perdomo and Magnus Nørgaard Kløve and Anders Bæk Borup and Bo Brummerstedt Iversen and Andreas Kolding Bertelsen},
  howpublished = {ChemRxiv},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.26434/chemrxiv.15008980/v1},
  url = {https://chemrxiv.org/doi/full/10.26434/chemrxiv.15008980/v1},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - UNPB
TI  - Disentangling element‑specific pathways in solvothermal formation of platinum-group metal complex solid solutions
AU  - Andreas Dueholm Bertelsen
AU  - Raul Castellano Perdomo
AU  - Magnus Nørgaard Kløve
AU  - Anders Bæk Borup
AU  - Bo Brummerstedt Iversen
AU  - Andreas Kolding Bertelsen
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/17
PB  - ChemRxiv
DO  - 10.26434/chemrxiv.15008980/v1
UR  - https://chemrxiv.org/doi/full/10.26434/chemrxiv.15008980/v1
AB  - Platinum‑group metal (PGM) complex solid‑solution nanoparticles exhibit unique catalytic properties due to a homogeneous atomic‑scale distribution of multiple elements within a single crystalline phase. Despite their importance, the mechanisms governing their solvothermal formation remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the solvothermal synthesis of multicomponent Pt–Ir–Pd–Rh–Ru nanoparticles by in situ powder X‑ray diffraction, enabling time‑resolved monitoring across a wide compositional space of ternary and quaternary alloys. Lattice‑parameter evolution confirms incorporation of all elements into a common fcc phase with a systematic iridium deficiency. Crystallite size correlates with elemental heat of fusion, identifying lattice energy as a key parameter controlling particle growth. Formation pathways are strongly element specific: Pd‑free systems form homogeneous alloys directly, whereas Pd‑containing systems follow a two‑step mechanism involving initial Pd‑rich crystallisation and diffusion‑controlled alloying when Pt is present. Pd without Pt yields inhomogeneous multiphase products, contradicting the assumption that Pd seeding is required for homogeneous PGM alloy formation. Overall, this study demonstrates how in situ X‑ray diffraction can accelerate materials discovery while also providing general mechanistic insight into multicomponent solvothermal alloy formation.
ER  -