Acute Postprandial Glycemic Responses to Breads Made from Five Commercial Wheat-Flour Formulations: A Small Exploratory Nonrandomized Within-Participant Crossover Study
6 affiliations
- 1Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul 34752, Türkiye
- 2Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul 34310, Türkiye
- 3Independent Researcher, Istanbul 34000, Türkiye
- 4Translational Pulmonary Research Center (EgeSAM), Ege University, Izmir 35100, Türkiye
- 5Council of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, Istanbul 34196, Türkiye
- 6Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul 34752, Türkiye
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Glycemic responses to bread vary with flour composition and processing; this study compared white bread with four specialty wheat-flour breads consumed in Türkiye. Methods: This nonrandomized five-condition within-participant crossover study included 12 healthy adults. Test flours were a purple-labeled refined flour formulated with fruit and vegetable extracts and ascorbic acid (not purple wheat), wholemeal einkorn, refined yellow durum, and wholemeal Karakılçık landrace. White bread was consumed first, then the test breads in two fixed, partially balanced sequences. Portions provided 50 g available carbohydrate from manufacturer-declared composition. Capillary glucose was measured at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min; the primary outcome was total incremental area under the curve (iAUC). Results: Purple-flour bread had 32% lower total iAUC (Holm-adjusted p = 0.035) and early iAUC (0–60 min; p = 0.041) than white bread. The early contrast held in the Wilcoxon test (p = 0.049), whereas interpretation of the total iAUC contrast depended on the model: it reached significance in neither rank-based Wilcoxon (p = 0.064) nor log-transformed (p = 0.058) analyses. In exploratory comparisons, purple-flour bread had lower early iAUC than the other test breads and lower total iAUC than yellow durum (all Holm-adjusted p ≤ 0.016). Conclusions: The purple formulation was associated with lower early glycemic exposure, einkorn with intermediate and yellow durum with the highest responses; Karakılçık did not differ significantly from white bread. Higher declared fiber content was not consistently associated with lower acute glycemic responses in the products tested. Findings apply only to the formulations tested and require confirmation in randomized, counterbalanced studies with verified composition.
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BibTeX
@article{seckiner2026acute,
title = {{Acute Postprandial Glycemic Responses to Breads Made from Five Commercial Wheat-Flour Formulations: A Small Exploratory Nonrandomized Within-Participant Crossover Study}},
author = {Selda Seçkiner and Aslıhan Atar-Uğurlu and Beyzanur Akgün and Elif Esin Çelik and Beyza Kaya and Zeynep Ayça Üneş and Su Özgür and Fatih Mehmet Velibeyoğlu and Murat Baş},
journal = {Nutrients},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3390/nu18203396},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/20/3396},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Acute Postprandial Glycemic Responses to Breads Made from Five Commercial Wheat-Flour Formulations: A Small Exploratory Nonrandomized Within-Participant Crossover Study
AU - Selda Seçkiner
AU - Aslıhan Atar-Uğurlu
AU - Beyzanur Akgün
AU - Elif Esin Çelik
AU - Beyza Kaya
AU - Zeynep Ayça Üneş
AU - Su Özgür
AU - Fatih Mehmet Velibeyoğlu
AU - Murat Baş
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/01
JO - Nutrients
DO - 10.3390/nu18203396
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/20/3396
AB - Background/Objectives: Glycemic responses to bread vary with flour composition and processing; this study compared white bread with four specialty wheat-flour breads consumed in Türkiye. Methods: This nonrandomized five-condition within-participant crossover study included 12 healthy adults. Test flours were a purple-labeled refined flour formulated with fruit and vegetable extracts and ascorbic acid (not purple wheat), wholemeal einkorn, refined yellow durum, and wholemeal Karakılçık landrace. White bread was consumed first, then the test breads in two fixed, partially balanced sequences. Portions provided 50 g available carbohydrate from manufacturer-declared composition. Capillary glucose was measured at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min; the primary outcome was total incremental area under the curve (iAUC). Results: Purple-flour bread had 32% lower total iAUC (Holm-adjusted p = 0.035) and early iAUC (0–60 min; p = 0.041) than white bread. The early contrast held in the Wilcoxon test (p = 0.049), whereas interpretation of the total iAUC contrast depended on the model: it reached significance in neither rank-based Wilcoxon (p = 0.064) nor log-transformed (p = 0.058) analyses. In exploratory comparisons, purple-flour bread had lower early iAUC than the other test breads and lower total iAUC than yellow durum (all Holm-adjusted p ≤ 0.016). Conclusions: The purple formulation was associated with lower early glycemic exposure, einkorn with intermediate and yellow durum with the highest responses; Karakılçık did not differ significantly from white bread. Higher declared fiber content was not consistently associated with lower acute glycemic responses in the products tested. Findings apply only to the formulations tested and require confirmation in randomized, counterbalanced studies with verified composition.
SN - 2072-6643
ER -