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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Nutrients

Development and Exploratory Evaluation of a Habitual Caffeine Intake-Based Index to Characterize the Ergogenic Response to Caffeine in Wrestlers

  • Mostafa Khodadoost1
  • Raoof Negaresh2
  • Reza Bagheri3
  • Shihab Al-Din Ahmed Said Al-Reiamy4
  • Motahare Mokhtarzade5
  • Juan Del Coso6
6 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Physical Education, Arv.C., Islamic Azad University, Abadan, Iran
  2. 2Department of Physical Education, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  4. 4Research in Medical Research Center (MRC), Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
  5. 5Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  6. 6Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract

Objectives: This secondary exploratory analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial developed and compared indices linking administered caffeine dose to habitual intake to characterize variability in performance and side effects in wrestlers. Methods: Seventy-two male wrestlers completed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial in which they ingested caffeine (4 mg·kg−1) or placebo 60 min before vertical jump and wrestling-specific testing. Three indices were calculated: DAR, expressing the administered dose as a multiple of the habitual intake; DDI, quantifying the additional caffeine received above habitual intake; and DNI, expressing this additional intake as a proportion of the administered dose. Hierarchical regression models were used to examine whether each index provided incremental explanatory value beyond habitual caffeine intake and absolute caffeine dose. Results: In exploratory hierarchical models adjusted for habitual caffeine intake and absolute dose, DAR was associated with additional explained variance for the change in total throws (ΔR2 = 0.249, p < 0.001), the wrestling performance index (ΔR2 = 0.321, p < 0.001), the Caffeine Utility Index (ΔR2 = 0.160, p < 0.001), and side effect severity (ΔR2 = 0.072, p = 0.008), but not for the change in vertical jump performance (ΔR2 = 0.004, p = 0.586). DDI provided significant incremental explanatory value for the change in total throws (ΔR2 = 0.061, p = 0.027) and the wrestling performance index (ΔR2 = 0.067, p = 0.022). Exploratory quadratic analyses identified a theoretical DAR vertex range between 2.25 and 2.81. Conclusions: These findings support DAR as the principal index for prospective evaluation, but they do not establish a dosing prescription. DAR is not intended to replace body-mass-based dosing (mg·kg−1); rather, it provides a complementary reference dimension that should be applied within established safety limits.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{khodadoost2026development,
  title = {{Development and Exploratory Evaluation of a Habitual Caffeine Intake-Based Index to Characterize the Ergogenic Response to Caffeine in Wrestlers}},
  author = {Mostafa Khodadoost and Raoof Negaresh and Reza Bagheri and Shihab Al-Din Ahmed Said Al-Reiamy and Motahare Mokhtarzade and Juan Del Coso},
  journal = {Nutrients},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3390/nu18213625},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/21/3625},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Development and Exploratory Evaluation of a Habitual Caffeine Intake-Based Index to Characterize the Ergogenic Response to Caffeine in Wrestlers
AU  - Mostafa Khodadoost
AU  - Raoof Negaresh
AU  - Reza Bagheri
AU  - Shihab Al-Din Ahmed Said Al-Reiamy
AU  - Motahare Mokhtarzade
AU  - Juan Del Coso
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/31
JO  - Nutrients
DO  - 10.3390/nu18213625
UR  - https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/21/3625
AB  - Objectives: This secondary exploratory analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial developed and compared indices linking administered caffeine dose to habitual intake to characterize variability in performance and side effects in wrestlers. Methods: Seventy-two male wrestlers completed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial in which they ingested caffeine (4 mg·kg−1) or placebo 60 min before vertical jump and wrestling-specific testing. Three indices were calculated: DAR, expressing the administered dose as a multiple of the habitual intake; DDI, quantifying the additional caffeine received above habitual intake; and DNI, expressing this additional intake as a proportion of the administered dose. Hierarchical regression models were used to examine whether each index provided incremental explanatory value beyond habitual caffeine intake and absolute caffeine dose. Results: In exploratory hierarchical models adjusted for habitual caffeine intake and absolute dose, DAR was associated with additional explained variance for the change in total throws (ΔR2 = 0.249, p < 0.001), the wrestling performance index (ΔR2 = 0.321, p < 0.001), the Caffeine Utility Index (ΔR2 = 0.160, p < 0.001), and side effect severity (ΔR2 = 0.072, p = 0.008), but not for the change in vertical jump performance (ΔR2 = 0.004, p = 0.586). DDI provided significant incremental explanatory value for the change in total throws (ΔR2 = 0.061, p = 0.027) and the wrestling performance index (ΔR2 = 0.067, p = 0.022). Exploratory quadratic analyses identified a theoretical DAR vertex range between 2.25 and 2.81. Conclusions: These findings support DAR as the principal index for prospective evaluation, but they do not establish a dosing prescription. DAR is not intended to replace body-mass-based dosing (mg·kg−1); rather, it provides a complementary reference dimension that should be applied within established safety limits.
SN  - 2072-6643
ER  -