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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Polymers

Synthesis and Characterization of Gum Rosin Microspheres Containing Zinc Phthalocyanine Prepared by the Electrospraying Method

  • Cristina Pavon1
  • Cristina Mellinas2
  • María Carmen Garrigós2
  • Alfonso Jimenez2
  • Juan López-Martínez1
  1. 1Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Tecnología de los Materiales, Univesitat Politècnica de València, 03801 Alcoy-Alicante, Spain
  2. 2Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
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Abstract

Gum rosin (GR) is a natural and renewable polymer resin obtained from pine trees with potential in medication delivery applications. This work uses electrospraying to obtain and characterize GR microspheres (eGR) containing zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc), a synthetic blue-green macrocyclic chemical with photosensitive properties. Electrospraying effectively created uniform microspheres with high encapsulation efficiency. A ZnPc release profile was performed, and it was observed that it quickly evolved during the first 24 h, reaching 0.438 mg per 100 g of sample and peaking at 0.868 mg per 100 g after 72 h. The subsequent decline is presumably due to the high hydrophobicity of free ZnPc, leading to its precipitation or adsorption onto the container. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis demonstrated the interaction between ZnPc and GR, confirming the successful formation of microspheres. Zeta potential analysis indicated that both eGR and eGR-ZnPc microspheres had negatively charged surfaces, likely due to anion adsorption or the presence of functional groups. The initial zeta potential values were −80.6 ± 3.3 mV for eGR and −74.1 ± 5.6 mV for eGR-ZnPc, reflecting the high stability of microspheres. However, stability decreased after 120 h due to particle aggregation, with a 70% drop in zeta potential after 360 h. No significant differences were observed between formulations during stability tests.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{pavon2026synthesis,
  title = {{Synthesis and Characterization of Gum Rosin Microspheres Containing Zinc Phthalocyanine Prepared by the Electrospraying Method}},
  author = {Cristina Pavon and Cristina Mellinas and María Carmen Garrigós and Alfonso Jimenez and Juan López-Martínez},
  journal = {Polymers},
  year = {2026},
  month = nov,
  doi = {10.3390/polym18212781},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/21/2781},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Synthesis and Characterization of Gum Rosin Microspheres Containing Zinc Phthalocyanine Prepared by the Electrospraying Method
AU  - Cristina Pavon
AU  - Cristina Mellinas
AU  - María Carmen Garrigós
AU  - Alfonso Jimenez
AU  - Juan López-Martínez
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/11/07
JO  - Polymers
DO  - 10.3390/polym18212781
UR  - https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/21/2781
AB  - Gum rosin (GR) is a natural and renewable polymer resin obtained from pine trees with potential in medication delivery applications. This work uses electrospraying to obtain and characterize GR microspheres (eGR) containing zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc), a synthetic blue-green macrocyclic chemical with photosensitive properties. Electrospraying effectively created uniform microspheres with high encapsulation efficiency. A ZnPc release profile was performed, and it was observed that it quickly evolved during the first 24 h, reaching 0.438 mg per 100 g of sample and peaking at 0.868 mg per 100 g after 72 h. The subsequent decline is presumably due to the high hydrophobicity of free ZnPc, leading to its precipitation or adsorption onto the container. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis demonstrated the interaction between ZnPc and GR, confirming the successful formation of microspheres. Zeta potential analysis indicated that both eGR and eGR-ZnPc microspheres had negatively charged surfaces, likely due to anion adsorption or the presence of functional groups. The initial zeta potential values were −80.6 ± 3.3 mV for eGR and −74.1 ± 5.6 mV for eGR-ZnPc, reflecting the high stability of microspheres. However, stability decreased after 120 h due to particle aggregation, with a 70% drop in zeta potential after 360 h. No significant differences were observed between formulations during stability tests.
SN  - 2073-4360
ER  -