Comparative Electrochemical Noise Characterization of Ti-CP2, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo, and Ti-6Al-4V in Ringer's Solution Using Statistical and Hilbert-Huang Analyses.
4 affiliations
- 1Centro de Investigación e Innovación en Ingeniería Aeronáutica (CIIIA)/Facultad de Medicina, Facultad de Ingenieria Mecanica y Eléctrica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Mexico.
- 2Facultad de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91000, Mexico.
- 3Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Juárez, Metal-Mechanics Department, Av. Tecnológico, 1340, Ciudad Juárez 32500, Mexico.
- 4Área Académica de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, Hidalgo 42082, Mexico.
Abstract
Titanium and its alloys are widely used in biomedical applications because of their favorable mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and corrosion resistance. This study comparatively evaluated the electrochemical behavior of Ti-CP2, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo, and Ti-6Al-4V in Ringer's solution using electrochemical noise (EN), empirical mode decomposition (EMD), Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT), and scanning electron microscope/Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) SEM/EDS characterization. Statistical EN analysis revealed marked differences among the investigated materials. Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo exhibited the highest noise resistance (45,412 ± 57 Ω·cm²), followed by Ti-6Al-4V (11,784 ± 39 Ω·cm²) and Ti-CP2 (4114 ± 45 Ω·cm²), whereas relatively low localization index values were obtained for all three materials (0.02634-0.06). EMD revealed four, five, and six intrinsic mode functions for Ti-CP2, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo, and Ti-6Al-4V, respectively. Hilbert time-frequency-amplitude analysis further demonstrated distinct temporal and frequency distributions of the electrochemical fluctuations, with Ti-6Al-4V exhibiting the broadest and most persistent distribution of transient activity. SEM/EDS revealed localized post-exposure compositional heterogeneity and different degrees of accumulation of electrolyte-derived species but was not interpreted as direct evidence of passive-film chemistry or integrity. Overall, the combined statistical EN, EMD, Hilbert time-frequency, and SEM/EDS results demonstrate distinct passive electrochemical responses among the three titanium materials, with Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo exhibiting the highest resistance to electrochemical fluctuations under the investigated conditions.
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BibTeX
@article{gaonatiburcio2026comparative,
title = {{Comparative Electrochemical Noise Characterization of Ti-CP2, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo, and Ti-6Al-4V in Ringer's Solution Using Statistical and Hilbert-Huang Analyses.}},
author = {Citlalli Gaona-Tiburcio and Erick Maldonado-Bandala and Jesús Manuel Jáquez-Muñoz and Demetrio Nieves-Mendoza and Ce Tochtli Méndez-Ramírez and Bruno Almeraya-Gaona and Laura Landa-Ruiz and Brenda Baltazar-Garcia and Francisco Estupinan-Lopez and Luis Daimir Lopez-Leon and Javier Olguin-Coca and Facundo Almeraya-Calderón},
journal = {Materials (Basel, Switzerland)},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3390/ma19204337},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42941080},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Comparative Electrochemical Noise Characterization of Ti-CP2, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo, and Ti-6Al-4V in Ringer's Solution Using Statistical and Hilbert-Huang Analyses.
AU - Citlalli Gaona-Tiburcio
AU - Erick Maldonado-Bandala
AU - Jesús Manuel Jáquez-Muñoz
AU - Demetrio Nieves-Mendoza
AU - Ce Tochtli Méndez-Ramírez
AU - Bruno Almeraya-Gaona
AU - Laura Landa-Ruiz
AU - Brenda Baltazar-Garcia
AU - Francisco Estupinan-Lopez
AU - Luis Daimir Lopez-Leon
AU - Javier Olguin-Coca
AU - Facundo Almeraya-Calderón
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/15
JO - Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
DO - 10.3390/ma19204337
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42941080
AB - Titanium and its alloys are widely used in biomedical applications because of their favorable mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and corrosion resistance. This study comparatively evaluated the electrochemical behavior of Ti-CP2, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo, and Ti-6Al-4V in Ringer's solution using electrochemical noise (EN), empirical mode decomposition (EMD), Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT), and scanning electron microscope/Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) SEM/EDS characterization. Statistical EN analysis revealed marked differences among the investigated materials. Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo exhibited the highest noise resistance (45,412 ± 57 Ω·cm²), followed by Ti-6Al-4V (11,784 ± 39 Ω·cm²) and Ti-CP2 (4114 ± 45 Ω·cm²), whereas relatively low localization index values were obtained for all three materials (0.02634-0.06). EMD revealed four, five, and six intrinsic mode functions for Ti-CP2, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo, and Ti-6Al-4V, respectively. Hilbert time-frequency-amplitude analysis further demonstrated distinct temporal and frequency distributions of the electrochemical fluctuations, with Ti-6Al-4V exhibiting the broadest and most persistent distribution of transient activity. SEM/EDS revealed localized post-exposure compositional heterogeneity and different degrees of accumulation of electrolyte-derived species but was not interpreted as direct evidence of passive-film chemistry or integrity. Overall, the combined statistical EN, EMD, Hilbert time-frequency, and SEM/EDS results demonstrate distinct passive electrochemical responses among the three titanium materials, with Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo exhibiting the highest resistance to electrochemical fluctuations under the investigated conditions.
SN - 1996-1944
ER -