Evaluating the Slow-Release Fertilizer Effects of Calcium Potassium Phosphates from Mechanochemically Treated Calcium Carbonate Materials with KH2PO4
5 affiliations
- 1Federal University of Technology – Paran , , ,
- 2Federal University of São Paulo, Science and Technology Institute , , ,
- 3Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , , ,
- 4University of São Paulo (USP) , , , ,
- 5Embrapa Instrumentation , XV de Novembro Street, 1452 , , ,
Abstract
Developing slow-release fertilizers, carefully adjusting their solubility profiles, is an important way to improve nutrient use efficiency and potentially reduce environmental impacts associated with nutrient losses and accumulation in water bodies, such as potential eutrophication. In this work, CaCO3 from industrial byproducts (spent lime, i.e., carbokalk, and eggshells) was mechanochemically activated with KH2PO4 and citric acid as an additive. X-ray diffraction indicated the formation of calcium potassium phosphate phases, along with residual CaCO3, depending on milling conditions. However, citric acid addition suppressed crystalline phosphate formation, likely influencing species organization and favoring poorly crystalline or amorphous phosphate phases, possibly through Ca complexation. Phosphorus percolation from milled samples remained low at early stages (0.2–4% after 2 days) and reached only 21–35% after 7 days, whereas potassium showed faster release, with 0.2–10% at 2 days and up to ∼100% percolation after 7 days. Greenhouse trials with Brachiaria brizantha over three harvest cycles suggested improved nutrient management, evidenced by a more gradual biomass increase and nutrient uptake, in contrast to the early peak and subsequent decline observed in positive controls using KH2PO4 and triple superphosphate (TSP). Thus, mechanochemical processing offers a smarter product capable of gradually releasing its fertilizer content, offering a promising route toward efficient and sustainable fertilization strategies.
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BibTeX
@article{borges2026evaluating,
title = {{Evaluating the Slow-Release Fertilizer Effects of Calcium Potassium Phosphates from Mechanochemically Treated Calcium Carbonate Materials with KH2PO4}},
author = {Roger Borges and Amanda S. Giroto and Stella F. Valle and Benedict Ohrem and Tainára Orlando and Paloma Neves de Oliveira and Nicolai D. Jablonowski and Caue Ribeiro},
journal = {ACS Omega},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1021/acsomega.5c12414},
url = {https://pubs.acs.org/acsodf/article/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c12414/5453233/Evaluating-the-Slow-Release-Fertilizer-Effects-of},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Evaluating the Slow-Release Fertilizer Effects of Calcium Potassium Phosphates from Mechanochemically Treated Calcium Carbonate Materials with KH2PO4
AU - Roger Borges
AU - Amanda S. Giroto
AU - Stella F. Valle
AU - Benedict Ohrem
AU - Tainára Orlando
AU - Paloma Neves de Oliveira
AU - Nicolai D. Jablonowski
AU - Caue Ribeiro
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/17
JO - ACS Omega
DO - 10.1021/acsomega.5c12414
UR - https://pubs.acs.org/acsodf/article/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c12414/5453233/Evaluating-the-Slow-Release-Fertilizer-Effects-of
AB - Developing slow-release fertilizers, carefully adjusting their solubility profiles, is an important way to improve nutrient use efficiency and potentially reduce environmental impacts associated with nutrient losses and accumulation in water bodies, such as potential eutrophication. In this work, CaCO3 from industrial byproducts (spent lime, i.e., carbokalk, and eggshells) was mechanochemically activated with KH2PO4 and citric acid as an additive. X-ray diffraction indicated the formation of calcium potassium phosphate phases, along with residual CaCO3, depending on milling conditions. However, citric acid addition suppressed crystalline phosphate formation, likely influencing species organization and favoring poorly crystalline or amorphous phosphate phases, possibly through Ca complexation. Phosphorus percolation from milled samples remained low at early stages (0.2–4% after 2 days) and reached only 21–35% after 7 days, whereas potassium showed faster release, with 0.2–10% at 2 days and up to ∼100% percolation after 7 days. Greenhouse trials with Brachiaria brizantha over three harvest cycles suggested improved nutrient management, evidenced by a more gradual biomass increase and nutrient uptake, in contrast to the early peak and subsequent decline observed in positive controls using KH2PO4 and triple superphosphate (TSP). Thus, mechanochemical processing offers a smarter product capable of gradually releasing its fertilizer content, offering a promising route toward efficient and sustainable fertilization strategies.
SN - 2470-1343
ER -