Skip to content
DraconiticResearch
Search Sources API
190,332 studies31 sourcesUpdated 54 min ago
Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Polymers

Influence of Furfuryl Alcohol on the Cross-Linking Process of Selected Industrial Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins

  • Maciej Gubernat1
  • Piotr Jelen1
  • Jakub Marchewka1
  • Aleksandra Benko1
  • Ryszard Wielowski1
  • Marcel Zambrzycki1
  • Krystian Sokolowski2
  • Aneta Fraczek-Szczypta1
  1. 1Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, Av. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. 2Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Krakow, Av. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Read full textPDFDOICite

Abstract

Furfuryl alcohol (C5H6O2, FA) is commonly used as a modifier for phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins and has been reported to influence their curing behavior and processing performance. Comparative analysis of commercial resin systems with and without FA suggested that the presence of FA influences the distribution of methylene bridge linkages formed during curing. FT-IR spectra indicated an increased contribution of para-para linkages in FA-containing resins, with this tendency becoming more pronounced at elevated temperatures. MAS-NMR spectra revealed differences in local methylene bridge environments, supporting the conclusion that FA influences the organization of the cross-linked network. XPS analysis revealed differences in the chemical structure of the cured resins, including a higher contribution of oxygen-containing functional groups in the FA-modified systems. STA-FT-IR results showed that FA-containing resins exhibited a more gradual curing process accompanied by a more uniform release of volatile products. Dynamic viscosity measurements demonstrated a substantial reduction in viscosity after FA addition, from 1051 to 228 mPa s for the F110-based resin system and from 1104 to 144 mPa s for the MC-05-based system. The results suggest that FA influences the cross-linking pathway, curing behavior and processing properties of PF resins. Improved understanding of these effects may support advanced PF-based composites manufacture.

Related

  1. Micro-/mesopores confined ultrasmall Cu nanoparticles in SBA-15 as a highly efficient and robust catalyst for furfural hydrogenation to furfuryl alcohol
    Shuo Chen, Priscilla M. De Souza, Carmen Ciotonea +4
    Applied Catalysis A: GeneralPeer-reviewedLicence not stated34 citedCatalysisHAL
  2. Biocatalytic Valorization of Used Soybean Cooking Oil for Furfuryl Esters Production: Effects of Alcohol Feeding Strategy and Water Removal on Immobilized Lipase Performance and Stability
    Guilherme J. Sabi, Lucas A. Moreira, Gisele Amaral-Labat +2
    ACS OmegaPeer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Full textGeneral chemistryCrossref
  3. Microwave electric field-induced dynamic hydration enables selected dehydration of formic acid over a poly(m-phenolsulfonic acid–formaldehyde Catalyst
    Hidenori Nishio, Aya Ohno, Nobutaka Maeda +7
    ChemRxivPreprintCC BYFull textOrganic chemistryChemRxiv
  4. Effect of Blending Long-Chain Fatty Alcohols on Oleogel Hardness and Crystal Structure: Influence of Arachidyl Alcohol
    Arisa Oshima, Sayaka Seto, Haru Watanabe +1
    Journal of Oleo SciencePeer-reviewedLicence not statedFull textGeneral chemistryJ-STAGE
  5. Influence of pH, Alcohol Structure, and Temperature on Lenalidomide Alcoholysis with Implications for Pharmaceutical Quality Control
    Keisuke Miyazaki, Kousuke Tamura, Eiji Obara +1
    Chemical and Pharmaceutical BulletinPeer-reviewedCC BY-NCFull textAnalytical chemistryJ-STAGE

Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{gubernat2026influence,
  title = {{Influence of Furfuryl Alcohol on the Cross-Linking Process of Selected Industrial Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins}},
  author = {Maciej Gubernat and Piotr Jelen and Jakub Marchewka and Aleksandra Benko and Ryszard Wielowski and Marcel Zambrzycki and Krystian Sokolowski and Aneta Fraczek-Szczypta},
  journal = {Polymers},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3390/polym18202513},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/20/2513},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Influence of Furfuryl Alcohol on the Cross-Linking Process of Selected Industrial Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins
AU  - Maciej Gubernat
AU  - Piotr Jelen
AU  - Jakub Marchewka
AU  - Aleksandra Benko
AU  - Ryszard Wielowski
AU  - Marcel Zambrzycki
AU  - Krystian Sokolowski
AU  - Aneta Fraczek-Szczypta
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/01
JO  - Polymers
DO  - 10.3390/polym18202513
UR  - https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/20/2513
AB  - Furfuryl alcohol (C5H6O2, FA) is commonly used as a modifier for phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins and has been reported to influence their curing behavior and processing performance. Comparative analysis of commercial resin systems with and without FA suggested that the presence of FA influences the distribution of methylene bridge linkages formed during curing. FT-IR spectra indicated an increased contribution of para-para linkages in FA-containing resins, with this tendency becoming more pronounced at elevated temperatures. MAS-NMR spectra revealed differences in local methylene bridge environments, supporting the conclusion that FA influences the organization of the cross-linked network. XPS analysis revealed differences in the chemical structure of the cured resins, including a higher contribution of oxygen-containing functional groups in the FA-modified systems. STA-FT-IR results showed that FA-containing resins exhibited a more gradual curing process accompanied by a more uniform release of volatile products. Dynamic viscosity measurements demonstrated a substantial reduction in viscosity after FA addition, from 1051 to 228 mPa s for the F110-based resin system and from 1104 to 144 mPa s for the MC-05-based system. The results suggest that FA influences the cross-linking pathway, curing behavior and processing properties of PF resins. Improved understanding of these effects may support advanced PF-based composites manufacture.
SN  - 2073-4360
ER  -