Real-time Tunable Probability Distributions From Perimeter-Gated SPAD TRNGs

Abstract

True random number generators (TRNGs) based on the dark noise of perimeter-gated single-photon avalanche diodes (pg-SPADs) naturally produce outputs that follow a tunable Bernoulli distribution. For applications requiring non-uniform random numbers, multiple such units can be coupled, or the inherent Poisson statistics of the accumulated dark events from a single pg-SPAD can be exploited. In this work, we present the principles for extending pg-SPAD-based TRNGs from the uniform to the non-uniform regime and investigate the impact of the perimeter-gate voltage on the underlying probability distributions. The proposed concepts were experimentally validated using a prototype 64 x 64 pg-SPAD chip, fabricated in a standard 0.35 μm CMOS process. Collectively, we showed that common non-uniform distributions such as Poisson, exponential, and approximated Gaussian can be achieved and tuned in real-time using pg-SPAD TRNGs.

Electric-field tunable spin texture in dual-gated HfS₂/graphene van der Waals heterostructures
Haozhe Yang, Zhendong Chi, Eoin Dolan +7
arXiv21 Oct 2026PreprintarXiv licenceFull textCondensed matterarXiv
Modified Family-Vicsek Scaling and Probability Distributions for Brownian Castle Interfaces
Noah Sublett, Charles Sutton, Benjamin Long +1
arXiv29 Oct 2026PreprintCC BY 4.0Full textCondensed matter Statistical & nonlinear physicsarXiv
Constrained surrogates for arbitrary families of continuous probability distributions
Jack Murdoch Moore, Eduardo G Altmann
arXiv18 Sep 2026PreprintarXiv licenceFull textComputational physics Statistical & nonlinear physicsarXiv
Tensor Network Moral Graph Recovery of Discrete Probability Distributions
Á. Troyano Olivas, Chi-Hang Fred Fung, Hans H. Brunner +2
arXiv8 Sep 2026PreprintCC BY 4.0Full textProbability StatisticsarXiv
Exact probability distributions of complex spacing ratios in non-Hermitian random matrices
Kohei Kawabata
arXiv28 Sep 2026PreprintCC BY 4.0Full textMathematical physics Condensed matterarXiv

Cite

BibTeX RIS

BibTeX

@misc{chen2026realtime,
  title = {{Real-time Tunable Probability Distributions From Perimeter-Gated SPAD TRNGs}},
  author = {Yanbing Icey Chen and Md Sakibur Sajal and Marc Dandin},
  howpublished = {arXiv},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.22665},
  eprint = {2609.22665},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.22665},
}

RIS

TY  - UNPB
TI  - Real-time Tunable Probability Distributions From Perimeter-Gated SPAD TRNGs
AU  - Yanbing Icey Chen
AU  - Md Sakibur Sajal
AU  - Marc Dandin
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/19
PB  - arXiv
DO  - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.22665
UR  - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.22665
AB  - True random number generators (TRNGs) based on the dark noise of perimeter-gated single-photon avalanche diodes (pg-SPADs) naturally produce outputs that follow a tunable Bernoulli distribution. For applications requiring non-uniform random numbers, multiple such units can be coupled, or the inherent Poisson statistics of the accumulated dark events from a single pg-SPAD can be exploited. In this work, we present the principles for extending pg-SPAD-based TRNGs from the uniform to the non-uniform regime and investigate the impact of the perimeter-gate voltage on the underlying probability distributions. The proposed concepts were experimentally validated using a prototype 64 x 64 pg-SPAD chip, fabricated in a standard 0.35 μm CMOS process. Collectively, we showed that common non-uniform distributions such as Poisson, exponential, and approximated Gaussian can be achieved and tuned in real-time using pg-SPAD TRNGs.
ER  -

Abstract

Related

Cite