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Peer-reviewedCC BY-NC-NDDiscover public health

Determinants of cardiovascular disease among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in northern Nigeria.

  • Zainab Abdulkadir1
  • Aminatu A Kwaku2
  • AbdulGafar Lekan Olawumi1
  • Abdullahi Kabir Suleiman1
  • Godpower Chinedu Michael1
  • Bukar A Grema1
  • Fatimah Ismail Tsiga-Ahmed2
  • Baba Maiyaki Musa3
  • C William Wester4
  • Mahmoud Umar Sani5
  • Muktar Hassan Aliyu4
5 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Family Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.
  2. 2Department of Community Medicine, Bayero University/ Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Kano, Nigeria.
  3. 3Department of Medicine, Bayero University/ Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Kano, Nigeria.
  4. 4Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA.
  5. 5Department of Medicine, Bayero University & Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.
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Abstract

People living with HIV (PLWH) exhibit a two-fold higher incidence of cardiovascular disease compared to HIV-negative persons. However, determinants of cardiovascular disease risk in PLWH are still evolving. The objective of this study is to evaluate the determinants of cardiovascular disease among PLWH in Nigeria. This cross-sectional study was conducted from 30th September to 11th November 2024 among adult patients attending the HIV clinic of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, ​Nigeria. We used systematic sampling to recruit participants and computed their 5-year projected CVD risk using the Data collection on Adverse effects of Anti-HIV Drugs (DAD) equation. We analysed data collected using IBM SPSS Statistical software for windows, version 26 and binary logistic regression was used to identify the determinants of CVD risk among PLWH. The majority of participants were female (70.6%). The estimated median 5-year CVD risk was 0.7% (interquartile range, IQR 0.4, 10). The majority of participants (58.9%) had a low risk of developing cardiovascular disease, while 28.9% had a moderate risk. Cardiovascular disease was associated with elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) > 3.03 mg/L [adjusted odds ratio, aOR: 4.58, 95% CI: 2.09-10.05), p = 0.001], increasing age [aOR 2.38, 95% CI (1.48-4.50), p = 0.020], male sex [aOR 2.16, 95% CI (1.03-4.53), p = 0.040] and hypercholesterolemia [aOR 3.03, 95% CI (1.68-4.86), p = 0.005]. The majority of PLWH in our setting have low to moderate risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease risk was associated with elevated hsCRP, increasing age, male sex, and hypercholesterolemia. Our findings highlight the importance of integrating CVD screening in HIV care to reduce morbidity and mortality among PLWH. The online version contains supplementary material. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-026-03262-6.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{abdulkadir2026determinants,
  title = {{Determinants of cardiovascular disease among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in northern Nigeria.}},
  author = {Zainab Abdulkadir and Aminatu A Kwaku and AbdulGafar Lekan Olawumi and Abdullahi Kabir Suleiman and Godpower Chinedu Michael and Bukar A Grema and Fatimah Ismail Tsiga-Ahmed and Baba Maiyaki Musa and C William Wester and Mahmoud Umar Sani and Muktar Hassan Aliyu},
  journal = {Discover public health},
  year = {2026},
  month = nov,
  doi = {10.1186/s12982-026-03262-6},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42996454},
  note = {CC BY-NC-ND},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Determinants of cardiovascular disease among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in northern Nigeria.
AU  - Zainab Abdulkadir
AU  - Aminatu A Kwaku
AU  - AbdulGafar Lekan Olawumi
AU  - Abdullahi Kabir Suleiman
AU  - Godpower Chinedu Michael
AU  - Bukar A Grema
AU  - Fatimah Ismail Tsiga-Ahmed
AU  - Baba Maiyaki Musa
AU  - C William Wester
AU  - Mahmoud Umar Sani
AU  - Muktar Hassan Aliyu
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/11/05
JO  - Discover public health
DO  - 10.1186/s12982-026-03262-6
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42996454
AB  - People living with HIV (PLWH) exhibit a two-fold higher incidence of cardiovascular disease compared to HIV-negative persons. However, determinants of cardiovascular disease risk in PLWH are still evolving. The objective of this study is to evaluate the determinants of cardiovascular disease among PLWH in Nigeria. This cross-sectional study was conducted from 30th September to 11th November 2024 among adult patients attending the HIV clinic of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, ​Nigeria. We used systematic sampling to recruit participants and computed their 5-year projected CVD risk using the Data collection on Adverse effects of Anti-HIV Drugs (DAD) equation. We analysed data collected using IBM SPSS Statistical software for windows, version 26 and binary logistic regression was used to identify the determinants of CVD risk among PLWH. The majority of participants were female (70.6%). The estimated median 5-year CVD risk was 0.7% (interquartile range, IQR 0.4, 10). The majority of participants (58.9%) had a low risk of developing cardiovascular disease, while 28.9% had a moderate risk. Cardiovascular disease was associated with elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) > 3.03 mg/L [adjusted odds ratio, aOR: 4.58, 95% CI: 2.09-10.05), p = 0.001], increasing age [aOR 2.38, 95% CI (1.48-4.50), p = 0.020], male sex [aOR 2.16, 95% CI (1.03-4.53), p = 0.040] and hypercholesterolemia [aOR 3.03, 95% CI (1.68-4.86), p = 0.005]. The majority of PLWH in our setting have low to moderate risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease risk was associated with elevated hsCRP, increasing age, male sex, and hypercholesterolemia. Our findings highlight the importance of integrating CVD screening in HIV care to reduce morbidity and mortality among PLWH. The online version contains supplementary material. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-026-03262-6.
SN  - 3005-0774
ER  -