Exploring the Transitional Parameter Space of Blazars using Gamma-ray and X-ray Population Diagnostics

@misc{malik2026exploring,
  title = {{Exploring the Transitional Parameter Space of Blazars using Gamma-ray and X-ray Population Diagnostics}},
  author = {Zahoor Malik and Sikandar Akbar and Zahir Shah and B. van Soelen},
  howpublished = {arXiv},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2605.17397},
  eprint = {2605.17397},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.17397},
}

TY  - UNPB
TI  - Exploring the Transitional Parameter Space of Blazars using Gamma-ray and X-ray Population Diagnostics
AU  - Zahoor Malik
AU  - Sikandar Akbar
AU  - Zahir Shah
AU  - B. van Soelen
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/30
PB  - arXiv
DO  - 10.48550/arxiv.2605.17397
UR  - https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.17397
AB  - We investigate the γ-ray and X-ray population properties of changing-look blazars (CLBs) using sources from the Fourth \textit{Fermi} LAT Source Catalog Data Release 4 (4FGL-DR4) together with X-ray information from the Living \textit{Swift} XRT Point Source (LSXPS) catalog. The CLB sample is compared with large populations of confirmed BL Lac objects (BLLs) and flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) using spectral, variability, and broadband properties. In the γ-ray parameter space, CLBs mainly occupy intermediate and overlap regions between the BLL and FSRQ populations. However, the centroid locations in different parameter planes, along with the PCA and UMAP projections, show that the CLB population lies closer to the FSRQ region. The X-ray analysis also shows a similar behavior, where the overall distribution of CLBs in the X-ray parameter space is found to be nearer to FSRQs than to BLLs. In addition, the X-ray/γ-ray coupling relations and random-forest classification probabilities are consistent with this trend. Overall, the results suggest that CLBs form a transitional population between the two main blazar subclasses while retaining characteristics closer to the FSRQ population.
ER  -