N, S-Functionalized Magnetic Rice Husk Biochar for Flucloxacillin Sodium Adsorption: Regeneration and Water-Matrix Effects
6 affiliations
- 1Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
- 2Institute of Liberal Arts and Humanities (Economics), Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India
- 3Sustainability Cluster, School of Advanced Engineering, UPES University, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India
- 4Uttarakhand Pollution Control Board, Gaura Devi Paryavaran Bhawan, IT Park, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India
- 5Department of Economics, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144401, Punjab, India
- 6Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka 420218, Nigeria
Abstract
Rice husk-derived biochars with progressively modified surface properties were investigated for adsorbing flucloxacillin sodium (FLX-Na) from aqueous solution. Four materials—rice husk biochar (RHB), nitrogen-functionalized RHB (N-RHB), magnetic nitrogen-functionalized RHB (MN-RHB), and magnetic nitrogen/sulfur-functionalized RHB (MN,S-RHB)—were prepared and characterised using morphological, structural, textural, and surface-chemical techniques. The sequential preparation routes produced materials with different surface areas, pore structures, and surface functionalities. FLX-Na adsorption increased in the order RHB < MN-RHB < N-RHB < MN, S-RHB, with the highest equilibrium adsorption capacity obtained for MN,S-RHB (118.6 mg g−1). Because chemical activation and a higher carbonisation temperature were introduced only for MN,S-RHB, the higher uptake is interpreted as an effect of the combined modification route rather than being attributed specifically to N/S co-doping. Kinetic and equilibrium data were described using several empirical models, with the pseudo-second-order and Sips models giving the highest coefficients of determination among the tested fits. The adsorption capacity of MN,S-RHB decreased from 84.60 ± 1.30 mg g−1 in deionised water to 60.30 ± 1.80 mg g−1 in a mixed inorganic/humic-acid matrix, corresponding to 71.3% capacity retention. Spectroscopic changes after adsorption were consistent with changes in the surface chemical environment, while the matrix experiments indicated that coexisting inorganic ions and dissolved organic matter influenced adsorption performance. These results show that the combined physicochemical modification route altered the adsorption behaviour of rice husk-derived biochar under the investigated conditions.
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BibTeX
@article{pandey2026sfunctionalized,
title = {{N, S-Functionalized Magnetic Rice Husk Biochar for Flucloxacillin Sodium Adsorption: Regeneration and Water-Matrix Effects}},
author = {Prashant Pandey and Manisha Dhiman and Andrzej Białowiec and Amit Pokhriyal and Kanchan Deoli Bahukhandi and Parmjeet Kaur and Chinenye Adaobi Igwegbe},
journal = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3390/ijms27209082},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/20/9082},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - N, S-Functionalized Magnetic Rice Husk Biochar for Flucloxacillin Sodium Adsorption: Regeneration and Water-Matrix Effects
AU - Prashant Pandey
AU - Manisha Dhiman
AU - Andrzej Białowiec
AU - Amit Pokhriyal
AU - Kanchan Deoli Bahukhandi
AU - Parmjeet Kaur
AU - Chinenye Adaobi Igwegbe
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/01
JO - International Journal of Molecular Sciences
DO - 10.3390/ijms27209082
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/20/9082
AB - Rice husk-derived biochars with progressively modified surface properties were investigated for adsorbing flucloxacillin sodium (FLX-Na) from aqueous solution. Four materials—rice husk biochar (RHB), nitrogen-functionalized RHB (N-RHB), magnetic nitrogen-functionalized RHB (MN-RHB), and magnetic nitrogen/sulfur-functionalized RHB (MN,S-RHB)—were prepared and characterised using morphological, structural, textural, and surface-chemical techniques. The sequential preparation routes produced materials with different surface areas, pore structures, and surface functionalities. FLX-Na adsorption increased in the order RHB < MN-RHB < N-RHB < MN, S-RHB, with the highest equilibrium adsorption capacity obtained for MN,S-RHB (118.6 mg g−1). Because chemical activation and a higher carbonisation temperature were introduced only for MN,S-RHB, the higher uptake is interpreted as an effect of the combined modification route rather than being attributed specifically to N/S co-doping. Kinetic and equilibrium data were described using several empirical models, with the pseudo-second-order and Sips models giving the highest coefficients of determination among the tested fits. The adsorption capacity of MN,S-RHB decreased from 84.60 ± 1.30 mg g−1 in deionised water to 60.30 ± 1.80 mg g−1 in a mixed inorganic/humic-acid matrix, corresponding to 71.3% capacity retention. Spectroscopic changes after adsorption were consistent with changes in the surface chemical environment, while the matrix experiments indicated that coexisting inorganic ions and dissolved organic matter influenced adsorption performance. These results show that the combined physicochemical modification route altered the adsorption behaviour of rice husk-derived biochar under the investigated conditions.
SN - 1422-0067
ER -