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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Polymers

Synthesis of Chitosan-Based Bio-Polyols Using Glycerol and PEG-400 for Sustainable Semi-Rigid Polyurethane Foams

  • Royal Guliyev1
  • Nalan Tekin1
  • Mustafa Özgür Bora2
  • Yavuz Emre Yağci3
  • Aygun Isayeva4
4 affiliations
  1. 1Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, Türkiye
  2. 2Department of Airframe and Powerplant Maintenance, Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, Türkiye
  3. 3Farplas Otomotiv A.S., Taysad Organize Sanayi Bölgesi (TOSB), Kocaeli 41420, Turkey
  4. 4Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, Türkiye
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Abstract

Replacing petroleum-based polyols with renewable feedstocks is essential for sustainable polyurethane (PU) production. In this study, an eco-friendly bio-polyol was synthesized using chitosan, glycerine, and PEG-400 to prepare semi-rigid bio-based PU foams at 50%, 75%, and 100% substitution ratios. The chemical, morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties were systematically evaluated. FTIR confirmed successful bio-polyol integration, while SEM revealed refined cell-dimensions and enhanced structural homogeneity. Although the apparent density decreased from 0.0835 g/cm3 to 0.0657 g/cm3, the bio-based foams exhibited superior water resistance and mechanical performance with the 75% substituted formulation (75 Bio PU). To justify field performance under demanding operational environments (e.g., building envelopes under solar heat load and hot pipeline insulation), the thermal conductivity was evaluated at 100 °C, maintaining efficient insulation (0.044–0.047 W m −1 K −1). TGA/DTG analysis demonstrated that while bio-polyol incorporation lowered the initial decomposition temperatures, 75 Bio PU enhanced the thermal resistance (T %max = 408 °C) and char residue (15.68%), underscoring superior high-temperature carbonization. UL-94 tests indicated the need for supplementary flame-retardants. Overall, the 75 Bio PU formulation provides optimal balanced performance for sustainable building insulation, industrial heat shielding, and automotive interior components.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{guliyev2026synthesis,
  title = {{Synthesis of Chitosan-Based Bio-Polyols Using Glycerol and PEG-400 for Sustainable Semi-Rigid Polyurethane Foams}},
  author = {Royal Guliyev and Nalan Tekin and Mustafa Özgür Bora and Yavuz Emre Yağci and Aygun Isayeva},
  journal = {Polymers},
  year = {2026},
  month = nov,
  doi = {10.3390/polym18212770},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/21/2770},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Synthesis of Chitosan-Based Bio-Polyols Using Glycerol and PEG-400 for Sustainable Semi-Rigid Polyurethane Foams
AU  - Royal Guliyev
AU  - Nalan Tekin
AU  - Mustafa Özgür Bora
AU  - Yavuz Emre Yağci
AU  - Aygun Isayeva
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/11/06
JO  - Polymers
DO  - 10.3390/polym18212770
UR  - https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/21/2770
AB  - Replacing petroleum-based polyols with renewable feedstocks is essential for sustainable polyurethane (PU) production. In this study, an eco-friendly bio-polyol was synthesized using chitosan, glycerine, and PEG-400 to prepare semi-rigid bio-based PU foams at 50%, 75%, and 100% substitution ratios. The chemical, morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties were systematically evaluated. FTIR confirmed successful bio-polyol integration, while SEM revealed refined cell-dimensions and enhanced structural homogeneity. Although the apparent density decreased from 0.0835 g/cm3 to 0.0657 g/cm3, the bio-based foams exhibited superior water resistance and mechanical performance with the 75% substituted formulation (75 Bio PU). To justify field performance under demanding operational environments (e.g., building envelopes under solar heat load and hot pipeline insulation), the thermal conductivity was evaluated at 100 °C, maintaining efficient insulation (0.044–0.047 W m −1 K −1). TGA/DTG analysis demonstrated that while bio-polyol incorporation lowered the initial decomposition temperatures, 75 Bio PU enhanced the thermal resistance (T %max = 408 °C) and char residue (15.68%), underscoring superior high-temperature carbonization. UL-94 tests indicated the need for supplementary flame-retardants. Overall, the 75 Bio PU formulation provides optimal balanced performance for sustainable building insulation, industrial heat shielding, and automotive interior components.
SN  - 2073-4360
ER  -