Phase stability and mechanical response of Ag-interlayered Al/Cu resistance spot-welded joints
Abstract
Dissimilar Al/Cu joints are essential to battery-pack assemblies; however, their mechanical strength is limited by brittle Al-Cu intermetallic compounds (IMCs) such as Al2Cu and Al4Cu9. Interlayer strategies to suppress these phases remain largely empirical, lacking a predictive framework linking interlayer chemistry to the phases that form and to their intrinsic mechanical character. Here an Ag interlayer is introduced and combines computational thermodynamics, first-principles calculations, microstructural characterization, and mechanical testing into a single self-consistent description of the joint. CALculation of PHAse Diagrams (CALPHAD) equilibrium and Scheil simulations predict the solidification path of the Al-rich Al-Ag fusion zone and explain why Cu incorporation is limited when Ag is present; energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) confirm an FCC Al-Ag solid solution as the dominant constituent. First-principles phonon calculations within the quasiharmonic approximation yield finite-temperature entropy and Gibbs energy, benchmarked against CALPHAD, while elastic constants assess ductility via the Pugh criterion (i.e., the bulk/shear (B/G) modulus ratio). All Al-Ag phases, including the observed solid solution, exceed the Pugh threshold of 1.75, whereas the targeted Al-Cu IMCs do not, giving a mechanistic basis for the interlayer's effectiveness. This microstructural change translates into improved performance: nominal strength rises from 47.9 to 67.4 MPa. Nanoindentation gives a fusion-zone reduced modulus of 82.8 GPa (Young's modulus 82.0 GPa), versus a calculated 0 K Voigt-Reuss-Hill value of 71.4 GPa. The present work establishes a transferable CALPHAD, first-principles, and experiment workflow for rational interlayer selection in dissimilar-metal joining.
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BibTeX
@misc{lin2026phase,
title = {{Phase stability and mechanical response of Ag-interlayered Al/Cu resistance spot-welded joints}},
author = {Shuang Lin and Kyubok Lee and Jiahui Ye and Ho Kwon and Shun-Li Shang and Allison M. Beesea and Xun Liu and Jingjing Li and Zi-Kui Liu},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.09364},
eprint = {2609.09364},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.09364},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Phase stability and mechanical response of Ag-interlayered Al/Cu resistance spot-welded joints
AU - Shuang Lin
AU - Kyubok Lee
AU - Jiahui Ye
AU - Ho Kwon
AU - Shun-Li Shang
AU - Allison M. Beesea
AU - Xun Liu
AU - Jingjing Li
AU - Zi-Kui Liu
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/08
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.09364
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.09364
AB - Dissimilar Al/Cu joints are essential to battery-pack assemblies; however, their mechanical strength is limited by brittle Al-Cu intermetallic compounds (IMCs) such as Al2Cu and Al4Cu9. Interlayer strategies to suppress these phases remain largely empirical, lacking a predictive framework linking interlayer chemistry to the phases that form and to their intrinsic mechanical character. Here an Ag interlayer is introduced and combines computational thermodynamics, first-principles calculations, microstructural characterization, and mechanical testing into a single self-consistent description of the joint. CALculation of PHAse Diagrams (CALPHAD) equilibrium and Scheil simulations predict the solidification path of the Al-rich Al-Ag fusion zone and explain why Cu incorporation is limited when Ag is present; energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) confirm an FCC Al-Ag solid solution as the dominant constituent. First-principles phonon calculations within the quasiharmonic approximation yield finite-temperature entropy and Gibbs energy, benchmarked against CALPHAD, while elastic constants assess ductility via the Pugh criterion (i.e., the bulk/shear (B/G) modulus ratio). All Al-Ag phases, including the observed solid solution, exceed the Pugh threshold of 1.75, whereas the targeted Al-Cu IMCs do not, giving a mechanistic basis for the interlayer's effectiveness. This microstructural change translates into improved performance: nominal strength rises from 47.9 to 67.4 MPa. Nanoindentation gives a fusion-zone reduced modulus of 82.8 GPa (Young's modulus 82.0 GPa), versus a calculated 0 K Voigt-Reuss-Hill value of 71.4 GPa. The present work establishes a transferable CALPHAD, first-principles, and experiment workflow for rational interlayer selection in dissimilar-metal joining.
ER -