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Peer-reviewedCC BYClinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil)

Immune parameters in hospitalized COVID-19 patients during SARS-CoV2 delta and omicron waves.

  • Geraldo S Magalhães1
  • Sarah N C Gimenes1
  • Bianca C L F Távora1
  • José A Portes Junior1
  • Paula A L Calabria1
  • Leonel I Montealegre-Sanchez1
  • Sandra C Sampaio Vessoni1
  • Eduardo Massad1
  • Celina A Lamas2
  • Sergio S Muller3
  • Tania Regina Tozetto-Mendoza4
  • Maria Cássia Mendes-Correa4
2 more authors
  • Carlos R R Carvalho5
  • Eliana L Faquim-Mauro6
6 affiliations
  1. 1Immunopathology Lab, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
  2. 2Pulmonology Division, Institute of Heart, Hospital das Clínicas of the University of Sao Paulo Medical School (HCFMUSP) , Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
  3. 3Pulmonology Division, Institute of Heart, Hospital das Clínicas of the University of Sao Paulo Medical School (HCFMUSP) , Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Digital Health, Technological Innovation Center (InovaHC), University of Sao Paulo Medical School (HCFMUSP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
  4. 4Department of Infections and Tropical Disease, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Virology Lab (LIM-52), Institute of Tropical Medicine, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
  5. 5Digital Health, Technological Innovation Center (InovaHC), University of Sao Paulo Medical School (HCFMUSP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
  6. 6Immunopathology Lab, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: [email protected].
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Abstract

Understanding immune mechanisms associated with COVID-19 severity remains important for interpreting clinical outcomes. We investigated virological and immunological profiles in 39-patients hospitalized with COVID-19 at InCor Hospital during the Delta and Omicron waves and included 28-non-hospitalized individuals with moderate COVID-19 as a comparator group for cytokine analyses. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed by RT-PCR from nasopharyngeal swabs, and viral variants were identified by next-generation sequencing. RNAemia was assessed by RT-PCR and analyzed as a binary variable. Serum cytokines were quantified by cytometric bead array, while humoral responses were evaluated by anti-Spike RBD IgG levels using CLIA and a Wuhan-Hu-1-based pseudovirus neutralization assay. RNAemia was more frequent in ICU-admitted patients than in non-ICU patients, supporting an association with disease severity. Cytokine profiling showed increased IL-6, IL-8, TNF, IL-17 A and IL-10 levels in hospitalized patients compared with moderate COVID-19 individuals, but did not distinguish recovered from deceased patients. Neutralizing antibody titers measured against a Wuhan-Hu-1 spike pseudovirus were significantly higher in recovered individuals than decease patients, underscoring the relevance of antibody functionality. These data emphasize the relevance of viral dissemination and functional humoral immunity as potential biomarkers for COVID-19 progression and outcome, with RNAemia and neutralizing antibody levels showing a stronger exploratory association in this cohort.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{magalhaes2026immune,
  title = {{Immune parameters in hospitalized COVID-19 patients during SARS-CoV2 delta and omicron waves.}},
  author = {Geraldo S Magalhães and Sarah N C Gimenes and Bianca C L F Távora and José A Portes Junior and Paula A L Calabria and Leonel I Montealegre-Sanchez and Sandra C Sampaio Vessoni and Eduardo Massad and Celina A Lamas and Sergio S Muller and Tania Regina Tozetto-Mendoza and Maria Cássia Mendes-Correa and Carlos R R Carvalho and Eliana L Faquim-Mauro},
  journal = {Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil)},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1016/j.clinsp.2026.101213},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42880124},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Immune parameters in hospitalized COVID-19 patients during SARS-CoV2 delta and omicron waves.
AU  - Geraldo S Magalhães
AU  - Sarah N C Gimenes
AU  - Bianca C L F Távora
AU  - José A Portes Junior
AU  - Paula A L Calabria
AU  - Leonel I Montealegre-Sanchez
AU  - Sandra C Sampaio Vessoni
AU  - Eduardo Massad
AU  - Celina A Lamas
AU  - Sergio S Muller
AU  - Tania Regina Tozetto-Mendoza
AU  - Maria Cássia Mendes-Correa
AU  - Carlos R R Carvalho
AU  - Eliana L Faquim-Mauro
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/15
JO  - Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil)
DO  - 10.1016/j.clinsp.2026.101213
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42880124
AB  - Understanding immune mechanisms associated with COVID-19 severity remains important for interpreting clinical outcomes. We investigated virological and immunological profiles in 39-patients hospitalized with COVID-19 at InCor Hospital during the Delta and Omicron waves and included 28-non-hospitalized individuals with moderate COVID-19 as a comparator group for cytokine analyses. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed by RT-PCR from nasopharyngeal swabs, and viral variants were identified by next-generation sequencing. RNAemia was assessed by RT-PCR and analyzed as a binary variable. Serum cytokines were quantified by cytometric bead array, while humoral responses were evaluated by anti-Spike RBD IgG levels using CLIA and a Wuhan-Hu-1-based pseudovirus neutralization assay. RNAemia was more frequent in ICU-admitted patients than in non-ICU patients, supporting an association with disease severity. Cytokine profiling showed increased IL-6, IL-8, TNF, IL-17 A and IL-10 levels in hospitalized patients compared with moderate COVID-19 individuals, but did not distinguish recovered from deceased patients. Neutralizing antibody titers measured against a Wuhan-Hu-1 spike pseudovirus were significantly higher in recovered individuals than decease patients, underscoring the relevance of antibody functionality. These data emphasize the relevance of viral dissemination and functional humoral immunity as potential biomarkers for COVID-19 progression and outcome, with RNAemia and neutralizing antibody levels showing a stronger exploratory association in this cohort.
SN  - 1807-5932
SN  - 1980-5322
ER  -