X-Shooter view of planetary nebulae microstructures I: The case of NGC 7009 knots
Abstract
The properties of NGC 7009 knots are investigated by employing UV-to-near-infrared data from the X-Shooter spectrograph. These structures belong to the category of low-ionization structures (LISs), which are characterized by enhanced emission from low-ionization species and whose origin remains enigmatic. Our main goal is to conduct the first dedicated spectroscopic study of LISs using X-Shooter, that covers a wide spectral range from the UV to the near-IR, simultaneously. As a pilot study, we focus on NGC 7009 to investigate its ionized, atomic, and molecular gas, aiming to better characterize the physical properties of its LISs and explore their largely unexplored molecular content. The spectrum was processed through the ESO Reflex pipeline, and the physical properties of LISs were derived with the latest version of PyNeb. More than 250 emission lines were detected in the spectra of NGC 7009 LISs, including rare, forbidden transitions from low- ionization species such as Fe+ and Ni+, as well as two transitions from P+, identified here for the first time in LISs. The detection of multiple shock tracers, together with the shock excitation of [Fe II] and [O I], as revealed by emission-line diagnostics, supports the presence of shocks at LISs. The richness of the spectrum allowed us to derive electron temperatures and densities at the LISs using both collisionally excited and optical recombination lines. In the near-IR spectrum of the LISs, nine ro-vibrational H2 emission lines were detected, seven of which were reported here for the first time. These lines were used to construct the H2 excitation diagram, providing new insights into the physical conditions of the nebular gas. The excitation of molecular hydrogen is most likely dominated by collisional processes through shocks.
Versions
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BibTeX
@misc{konstantinou2026xshooter,
title = {{X-Shooter view of planetary nebulae microstructures I: The case of NGC 7009 knots}},
author = {L. Konstantinou and S. Akras and K. Bouvis and P. Boumis and J. Garcia-Rojas and D. R. Gonçalves and K. N. Gourgouliatos},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.13587},
eprint = {2610.13587},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.13587},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - X-Shooter view of planetary nebulae microstructures I: The case of NGC 7009 knots
AU - L. Konstantinou
AU - S. Akras
AU - K. Bouvis
AU - P. Boumis
AU - J. Garcia-Rojas
AU - D. R. Gonçalves
AU - K. N. Gourgouliatos
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/09
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.13587
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.13587
AB - The properties of NGC 7009 knots are investigated by employing UV-to-near-infrared data from the X-Shooter spectrograph. These structures belong to the category of low-ionization structures (LISs), which are characterized by enhanced emission from low-ionization species and whose origin remains enigmatic. Our main goal is to conduct the first dedicated spectroscopic study of LISs using X-Shooter, that covers a wide spectral range from the UV to the near-IR, simultaneously. As a pilot study, we focus on NGC 7009 to investigate its ionized, atomic, and molecular gas, aiming to better characterize the physical properties of its LISs and explore their largely unexplored molecular content. The spectrum was processed through the ESO Reflex pipeline, and the physical properties of LISs were derived with the latest version of PyNeb. More than 250 emission lines were detected in the spectra of NGC 7009 LISs, including rare, forbidden transitions from low- ionization species such as Fe+ and Ni+, as well as two transitions from P+, identified here for the first time in LISs. The detection of multiple shock tracers, together with the shock excitation of [Fe II] and [O I], as revealed by emission-line diagnostics, supports the presence of shocks at LISs. The richness of the spectrum allowed us to derive electron temperatures and densities at the LISs using both collisionally excited and optical recombination lines. In the near-IR spectrum of the LISs, nine ro-vibrational H2 emission lines were detected, seven of which were reported here for the first time. These lines were used to construct the H2 excitation diagram, providing new insights into the physical conditions of the nebular gas. The excitation of molecular hydrogen is most likely dominated by collisional processes through shocks.
ER -