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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Batteries

Zeolite-Templated Carbon with Tailored Mesoporosity as a Kinetic Enhancer for Bio-Based Hard Carbon Sodium-Ion Battery Anodes

  • Luca Mesina1,2
  • Claudia Paoletti2
  • Annalisa Aurora2
  • Giorgia Greco2
  • Serena Gagliardi3
  • Flaminia Rondino3
  • Emanuele Serra2
  • Sergio Brutti4
4 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, La Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
  2. 2Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Technologies and Devices for Electrochemical Storage (TERIN-DEC-ACEL) Technical Unit, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
  3. 3Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Nuclear Department—Physical Technologies and Security Division, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
  4. 4Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Abstract

Hard carbons (HCs) are promising sodium-ion battery anodes but suffer capacity loss at high rates due to tortuous Na+ pathways. Here, a zeolite-templated carbon (ZTC) was introduced as a conductive, mesoporous additive (10 wt%) to a hazelnut-derived hard carbon (HEZ) to improve Na+ transport and rate performance. Structural and porosity analyses show complementary architectures: a microporous HEZ and a highly ordered ZTC with interconnected mesopores. Electrodes containing ZTC exhibit increased apparent ionic diffusion coefficients (from ~3.5 · 10−10 to ~16 · 10−10 cm2·s−1 Cathodic) and enhanced rate capability. Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) analysis indicates accelerated Na+ transport in the low-voltage plateau region, and galvanostatic cycling demonstrates a sustained plateau capacity of ~100 mAh·g−1 for the ZTC-containing electrode after 50 cycles at 50 mA·g−1 (vs. ~30 mAh·g−1 for pristine HC). Although the ZTC increases the electrode surface area and lowers initial Coulombic efficiency, the addition markedly improves high-rate storage and capacity retention. These results demonstrate that a minor fraction of templated mesoporous carbon can effectively alleviate kinetic limitations in bio-derived HC anodes for sodium-ion batteries.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{mesina2026zeolitetemplated,
  title = {{Zeolite-Templated Carbon with Tailored Mesoporosity as a Kinetic Enhancer for Bio-Based Hard Carbon Sodium-Ion Battery Anodes}},
  author = {Luca Mesina and Claudia Paoletti and Annalisa Aurora and Giorgia Greco and Serena Gagliardi and Flaminia Rondino and Emanuele Serra and Sergio Brutti},
  journal = {Batteries},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.3390/batteries12100385},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/12/10/385},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Zeolite-Templated Carbon with Tailored Mesoporosity as a Kinetic Enhancer for Bio-Based Hard Carbon Sodium-Ion Battery Anodes
AU  - Luca Mesina
AU  - Claudia Paoletti
AU  - Annalisa Aurora
AU  - Giorgia Greco
AU  - Serena Gagliardi
AU  - Flaminia Rondino
AU  - Emanuele Serra
AU  - Sergio Brutti
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/30
JO  - Batteries
DO  - 10.3390/batteries12100385
UR  - https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/12/10/385
AB  - Hard carbons (HCs) are promising sodium-ion battery anodes but suffer capacity loss at high rates due to tortuous Na+ pathways. Here, a zeolite-templated carbon (ZTC) was introduced as a conductive, mesoporous additive (10 wt%) to a hazelnut-derived hard carbon (HEZ) to improve Na+ transport and rate performance. Structural and porosity analyses show complementary architectures: a microporous HEZ and a highly ordered ZTC with interconnected mesopores. Electrodes containing ZTC exhibit increased apparent ionic diffusion coefficients (from ~3.5 · 10−10 to ~16 · 10−10 cm2·s−1 Cathodic) and enhanced rate capability. Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) analysis indicates accelerated Na+ transport in the low-voltage plateau region, and galvanostatic cycling demonstrates a sustained plateau capacity of ~100 mAh·g−1 for the ZTC-containing electrode after 50 cycles at 50 mA·g−1 (vs. ~30 mAh·g−1 for pristine HC). Although the ZTC increases the electrode surface area and lowers initial Coulombic efficiency, the addition markedly improves high-rate storage and capacity retention. These results demonstrate that a minor fraction of templated mesoporous carbon can effectively alleviate kinetic limitations in bio-derived HC anodes for sodium-ion batteries.
SN  - 2313-0105
ER  -