Observer-Based Model Predictive Control for Isoflux Regulation in the EXL-50U Spherical Tokamak
Abstract
Isoflux control in spherical tokamaks requires coordinated plasma-current and boundary regulation under coil-voltage and computational constraints. This study develops observer-based constrained model predictive control (MPC) for EXL-50U. Vacuum-vessel spatial coarsening reduces a 538-state linearized model to 40 states while retaining control-relevant responses. A Kalman observer provides full-state estimates, and MPC jointly optimizes current and boundary-flux tracking with explicit voltage bounds. Matrix precomputation, specialized solver code generation, and structured linear-system solution reduce online computation. Nonlinear free-boundary Grad--Shafranov evolutive simulations evaluate nominal operation, measurement noise, configuration mismatch, a one-step delay, and combined noise and delay against proportional--integral--derivative (PID) control and a linear--quadratic regulator (LQR). Nominal MPC root-mean-square errors are 1.126 kA for plasma current, 0.0164 m for last-closed-flux-surface geometry, and 2.463 mWb for the worst flux channel, all below both baselines. With noise, the boundary error is 0.0199 m over the common evaluation window, and regulation is sustained throughout the test. MPC completes a limiter-to-divertor transition without relinearization or retuning and maintains regulation under delay and combined disturbances. Across all five cases, mean MPC computation times are 0.413--0.441 ms, with all 99th percentiles below 1 ms. These results support joint current and isoflux regulation and millisecond-scale computational feasibility, providing a basis for future EXL-50U experiments.
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BibTeX
@misc{lu2026observerbased,
title = {{Observer-Based Model Predictive Control for Isoflux Regulation in the EXL-50U Spherical Tokamak}},
author = {Chang Lu and Jiayi Zhi and Xian Guo and Tianyuan Liu},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.34076},
eprint = {2609.34076},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.34076},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Observer-Based Model Predictive Control for Isoflux Regulation in the EXL-50U Spherical Tokamak
AU - Chang Lu
AU - Jiayi Zhi
AU - Xian Guo
AU - Tianyuan Liu
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/28
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.34076
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.34076
AB - Isoflux control in spherical tokamaks requires coordinated plasma-current and boundary regulation under coil-voltage and computational constraints. This study develops observer-based constrained model predictive control (MPC) for EXL-50U. Vacuum-vessel spatial coarsening reduces a 538-state linearized model to 40 states while retaining control-relevant responses. A Kalman observer provides full-state estimates, and MPC jointly optimizes current and boundary-flux tracking with explicit voltage bounds. Matrix precomputation, specialized solver code generation, and structured linear-system solution reduce online computation. Nonlinear free-boundary Grad--Shafranov evolutive simulations evaluate nominal operation, measurement noise, configuration mismatch, a one-step delay, and combined noise and delay against proportional--integral--derivative (PID) control and a linear--quadratic regulator (LQR). Nominal MPC root-mean-square errors are 1.126 kA for plasma current, 0.0164 m for last-closed-flux-surface geometry, and 2.463 mWb for the worst flux channel, all below both baselines. With noise, the boundary error is 0.0199 m over the common evaluation window, and regulation is sustained throughout the test. MPC completes a limiter-to-divertor transition without relinearization or retuning and maintains regulation under delay and combined disturbances. Across all five cases, mean MPC computation times are 0.413--0.441 ms, with all 99th percentiles below 1 ms. These results support joint current and isoflux regulation and millisecond-scale computational feasibility, providing a basis for future EXL-50U experiments.
ER -