The third law of black hole thermodynamics: Quantum versus classical considerations
Abstract
Kehle and Unger have recently shown that, under suitable conditions, a massless charged classical scalar field can produce an extremal black hole in finite time. This result appears to violate the third law of thermodynamics (TLT), since extremal black holes have zero temperature. However, because the TLT is intrinsically a quantum principle, a self-consistent analysis of this problem must account for quantum effects. In particular, we point out that the electric field of the system may spontaneously polarize the vacuum, thereby creating massless charged pairs that will discharge the black hole. This mechanism guarantees the {\it quantum} validity of the TLT in the regime |eQ|≥ℏ/2 (here Q,e denote, respectively, the electric charges of the black hole and the scalar field). This leaves open the question of what happens for lower values of |eQ|/ℏ. Recently, Schneider derived a classical bound showing that extremal black holes cannot be formed à la Kehle-Unger in the small-charge regime |eQ|≤ℏ/3. His analysis leaves open the possibility that a stronger bound may exist. We conjecture here that this bound can indeed be strengthened such that classical considerations would prevent extremal (zero-temperature) charged Reissner-Nordström black holes from forming dynamically in the regime |eQ|<ℏ/2, where quantum polarization effects are too weak to preserve the validity of the TLT.
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BibTeX
@misc{hod2026third,
title = {{The third law of black hole thermodynamics: Quantum versus classical considerations}},
author = {Shahar Hod and Tsvi Piran},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.16127},
eprint = {2609.16127},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.16127},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - The third law of black hole thermodynamics: Quantum versus classical considerations
AU - Shahar Hod
AU - Tsvi Piran
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/14
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.16127
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.16127
AB - Kehle and Unger have recently shown that, under suitable conditions, a massless charged classical scalar field can produce an extremal black hole in finite time. This result appears to violate the third law of thermodynamics (TLT), since extremal black holes have zero temperature. However, because the TLT is intrinsically a quantum principle, a self-consistent analysis of this problem must account for quantum effects. In particular, we point out that the electric field of the system may spontaneously polarize the vacuum, thereby creating massless charged pairs that will discharge the black hole. This mechanism guarantees the {\it quantum} validity of the TLT in the regime |eQ|≥ℏ/2 (here Q,e denote, respectively, the electric charges of the black hole and the scalar field). This leaves open the question of what happens for lower values of |eQ|/ℏ. Recently, Schneider derived a classical bound showing that extremal black holes cannot be formed à la Kehle-Unger in the small-charge regime |eQ|≤ℏ/3. His analysis leaves open the possibility that a stronger bound may exist. We conjecture here that this bound can indeed be strengthened such that classical considerations would prevent extremal (zero-temperature) charged Reissner-Nordström black holes from forming dynamically in the regime |eQ|<ℏ/2, where quantum polarization effects are too weak to preserve the validity of the TLT.
ER -