Non-circular scan trajectories for reducing cone-beam artifacts in Gamma Knife CBCT images: a simulation study
Abstract
Objective. Gamma Knife cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images are deteriorated by cone-beam artifacts whose magnitude increases along the superior direction. In this study, a novel scan trajectory compatible with the Gamma Knife CBCT system is optimized to reduce cone-beam artifacts, with the aim to replace the current 200-degree single-arc scan. Approach. Data sampling analysis with tomographic incompleteness maps indicates the level of undersampling across the field of view based on the geometry of the system and of a scan trajectory. Moreover, CBCT simulations are performed from a virtual phantom with disks aligned along the axial direction and from a CT reconstruction of a stereotactic end-to-end validation (STEEV) phantom. CBCT projections are simulated for a given scan trajectory through a polychromatic forward projection model with added noise and scatter, then the CBCT image is reconstructed using an iterative algorithm which minimizes weighted least squares. Main results. Both the incompleteness analysis and the CBCT simulations indicate adding lines to the current single-arc trajectory is more efficient to reduce cone-beam artifacts than adding more arcs, both in terms of number of additional projections and new artifacts. A line-arc-line trajectory with source axial steps of 3.5 mm removes virtually all cone-beam artifacts. The widths of the cone-beam artifacts created by the disks show a positive correlation between the artifact magnitude and the incompleteness value. Significance. A line-arc-line scan trajectory is promising to reduce cone-beam artifacts of the Gamma Knife CBCT images while being a compatible and reasonable trajectory for the current system design.
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BibTeX
@misc{alainbeaudoin2026noncircular,
title = {{Non-circular scan trajectories for reducing cone-beam artifacts in Gamma Knife CBCT images: a simulation study}},
author = {Alexandra Alain-Beaudoin and Håkan Nordström and Luc Beaulieu and Joakim da Silva},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.28232},
eprint = {2609.28232},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28232},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Non-circular scan trajectories for reducing cone-beam artifacts in Gamma Knife CBCT images: a simulation study
AU - Alexandra Alain-Beaudoin
AU - Håkan Nordström
AU - Luc Beaulieu
AU - Joakim da Silva
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/23
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.28232
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28232
AB - Objective. Gamma Knife cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images are deteriorated by cone-beam artifacts whose magnitude increases along the superior direction. In this study, a novel scan trajectory compatible with the Gamma Knife CBCT system is optimized to reduce cone-beam artifacts, with the aim to replace the current 200-degree single-arc scan. Approach. Data sampling analysis with tomographic incompleteness maps indicates the level of undersampling across the field of view based on the geometry of the system and of a scan trajectory. Moreover, CBCT simulations are performed from a virtual phantom with disks aligned along the axial direction and from a CT reconstruction of a stereotactic end-to-end validation (STEEV) phantom. CBCT projections are simulated for a given scan trajectory through a polychromatic forward projection model with added noise and scatter, then the CBCT image is reconstructed using an iterative algorithm which minimizes weighted least squares. Main results. Both the incompleteness analysis and the CBCT simulations indicate adding lines to the current single-arc trajectory is more efficient to reduce cone-beam artifacts than adding more arcs, both in terms of number of additional projections and new artifacts. A line-arc-line trajectory with source axial steps of 3.5 mm removes virtually all cone-beam artifacts. The widths of the cone-beam artifacts created by the disks show a positive correlation between the artifact magnitude and the incompleteness value. Significance. A line-arc-line scan trajectory is promising to reduce cone-beam artifacts of the Gamma Knife CBCT images while being a compatible and reasonable trajectory for the current system design.
ER -