Chaotic accretion can (still) explain early supermassive black hole growth
Abstract
The origin of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) is still debated, with hypotheses ranging from massive seeds to super-Eddington growth to chaotic accretion. Recent discoveries of very high redshift SMBHs constrain their possible origin and growth scenarios. We investigate whether the chaotic accretion scenario can explain the most extreme high-redshift SMBH masses. We predicted the exponential growth timescale of black holes accreting chaotically in a slowly-spinning dark matter halo, in which uncorrelated gas inflows maintain a low spin and hence a low radiative efficiency. We compared this prediction against the growth timescales and seed masses implied by a compilation of all known SMBH mass estimates at z>7 and against the feeding and feedback conditions expected in such haloes. We found that in the period 7.6 < z < 10.6, the most massive SMBHs likely grew very efficiently, with an exponential growth timescale τ∼ 32~Myr, which is consistent with chaotic accretion predictions provided that growth was almost continuous. All high-redshift SMBHs with virial mass estimates could have grown from seeds with Mseed ≲ 100 msun. We describe the evolution of the mass reservoir feeding such a black hole, suggesting that wind-driven feedback eventually removes most of the gas and changes the growth mode of black holes at z ∼ 7.5. We make several predictions regarding the spins, host-galaxy correlations, and observable counterparts of high-redshift SMBHs that distinguish our model from its alternatives. These predictions will be testable in the near future. Chaotic accretion from stellar-mass seeds remains a viable origin for the earliest known SMBHs, without invoking massive seeds or super-Eddington growth.
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BibTeX
@misc{zubovas2026chaotic,
title = {{Chaotic accretion can (still) explain early supermassive black hole growth}},
author = {Kastytis Zubovas and Matas Tartėnas},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.07947},
eprint = {2610.07947},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.07947},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Chaotic accretion can (still) explain early supermassive black hole growth
AU - Kastytis Zubovas
AU - Matas Tartėnas
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/06
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.07947
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.07947
AB - The origin of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) is still debated, with hypotheses ranging from massive seeds to super-Eddington growth to chaotic accretion. Recent discoveries of very high redshift SMBHs constrain their possible origin and growth scenarios. We investigate whether the chaotic accretion scenario can explain the most extreme high-redshift SMBH masses. We predicted the exponential growth timescale of black holes accreting chaotically in a slowly-spinning dark matter halo, in which uncorrelated gas inflows maintain a low spin and hence a low radiative efficiency. We compared this prediction against the growth timescales and seed masses implied by a compilation of all known SMBH mass estimates at z>7 and against the feeding and feedback conditions expected in such haloes. We found that in the period 7.6 < z < 10.6, the most massive SMBHs likely grew very efficiently, with an exponential growth timescale τ∼ 32~Myr, which is consistent with chaotic accretion predictions provided that growth was almost continuous. All high-redshift SMBHs with virial mass estimates could have grown from seeds with M_seed ≲ 100 msun. We describe the evolution of the mass reservoir feeding such a black hole, suggesting that wind-driven feedback eventually removes most of the gas and changes the growth mode of black holes at z ∼ 7.5. We make several predictions regarding the spins, host-galaxy correlations, and observable counterparts of high-redshift SMBHs that distinguish our model from its alternatives. These predictions will be testable in the near future. Chaotic accretion from stellar-mass seeds remains a viable origin for the earliest known SMBHs, without invoking massive seeds or super-Eddington growth.
ER -