Freeze-in SU(2) vector dark matter at low reheating temperature
Abstract
The freeze-in mechanism for dark matter (DM) requires extremely feeble interactions with the Standard Model (SM), preventing thermal equilibrium in the early Universe and typically evading experimental detection. However, for sufficiently low reheating temperatures (TRH), the observed relic abundance can be realized with larger couplings, opening prospects for experimental searches. In this work, we investigate freeze-in production of SU(2)HS vector dark matter (VDM) in a low-TRH cosmology. The framework naturally contains three mass-degenerate stable VDM candidates without the need for any additional discrete symmetry. We perform a systematic study of the dark matter phenomenology and identify the parameter space consistent with the observed relic abundance. We work with the approximation of instantaneous reheating and consider the DM abundance to be negligible at TRH. In contrast to conventional freeze-in scenarios, the required DM couplings can be sizable, rendering part of the parameter space already constrained by existing direct searches like PandaX-4T and LZ, while a significant region remains within the reach of future experiments such as DARWIN. Though one can realize the freeze-in mechanism for an abelian U(1)X vector DM models as well, we find that the non-abelian structure of the SU(2)HS scenario leads to a distinct feature due to a larger number of dark matter particles, resulting in an enlarged viable parameter space due to the multiplicity of dark matter states.
Versions
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BibTeX
@misc{ghosh2026freezein,
title = {{Freeze-in $SU(2)$ vector dark matter at low reheating temperature}},
author = {Dilip Kumar Ghosh and Sourav Gope and Xiao-Gang He and Xuan Hong and Sk Jeesun},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2605.24473},
eprint = {2605.24473},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.24473},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Freeze-in SU(2) vector dark matter at low reheating temperature
AU - Dilip Kumar Ghosh
AU - Sourav Gope
AU - Xiao-Gang He
AU - Xuan Hong
AU - Sk Jeesun
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/11/04
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2605.24473
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.24473
AB - The freeze-in mechanism for dark matter (DM) requires extremely feeble interactions with the Standard Model (SM), preventing thermal equilibrium in the early Universe and typically evading experimental detection. However, for sufficiently low reheating temperatures (T_RH), the observed relic abundance can be realized with larger couplings, opening prospects for experimental searches. In this work, we investigate freeze-in production of SU(2)_HS vector dark matter (VDM) in a low-T_RH cosmology. The framework naturally contains three mass-degenerate stable VDM candidates without the need for any additional discrete symmetry. We perform a systematic study of the dark matter phenomenology and identify the parameter space consistent with the observed relic abundance. We work with the approximation of instantaneous reheating and consider the DM abundance to be negligible at T_RH. In contrast to conventional freeze-in scenarios, the required DM couplings can be sizable, rendering part of the parameter space already constrained by existing direct searches like PandaX-4T and LZ, while a significant region remains within the reach of future experiments such as DARWIN. Though one can realize the freeze-in mechanism for an abelian U(1)_X vector DM models as well, we find that the non-abelian structure of the SU(2)_HS scenario leads to a distinct feature due to a larger number of dark matter particles, resulting in an enlarged viable parameter space due to the multiplicity of dark matter states.
ER -