Powassan Virus NS5 Antagonizes TYK2-Mediated Immune Signaling Pathways
- 1Thomas Jefferson University
Abstract
Powassan virus (POWV) is an emerging neurotropic tick-borne flavivirus, yet the mechanisms by which POWV evades host antiviral immunity remain poorly defined. Here, we identify multiple mechanisms of POWV innate immune antagonism with the viral polymerase NS5 protein as a central inhibitor of cytokine signaling. Both POWV lineages potently inhibited type I interferon (IFN) signaling, and NS5 expression suppressed signaling and downstream interferon-stimulated gene expression. Affinity purification-mass spectrometry identified the host kinase TYK2 as a conserved NS5 interactor. POWV NS5 binds the TYK2 kinase domain through a discrete interface within the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region between catalytic motifs B and C and inhibits TYK2 phosphorylation. Disruption of this interface abrogated TYK2 binding and reduced NS5-mediated IFN antagonism, while revealing additional TYK2-independent mechanisms of immune suppression. POWV NS5 also inhibited TYK2-dependent IFN-{lambda} and IL-12 signaling, demonstrating that its immune antagonism extends beyond type I IFN. Together, these findings identify TYK2 as a central target of POWV immune evasion and implicate the variable RdRp B-C region as an interface for flavivirus-host interactions. More broadly, our results reveal how POWV can coordinately suppress multiple antiviral cytokine pathways and provide insight into mechanisms that may shape tick-borne flavivirus host adaptation and pathogenesis.
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BibTeX
@misc{omara2026powassan,
title = {{Powassan Virus NS5 Antagonizes TYK2-Mediated Immune Signaling Pathways}},
author = {M. O'Mara and M. Molho and A. P. Kurland and Z. Walter and S. Gracias and V. Caval and N. Jouvenet and J. R. Johnson and H. Ramage},
howpublished = {bioRxiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.64898/2026.09.07.749923},
url = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.07.749923v1},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Powassan Virus NS5 Antagonizes TYK2-Mediated Immune Signaling Pathways
AU - M. O'Mara
AU - M. Molho
AU - A. P. Kurland
AU - Z. Walter
AU - S. Gracias
AU - V. Caval
AU - N. Jouvenet
AU - J. R. Johnson
AU - H. Ramage
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/07
PB - bioRxiv
DO - 10.64898/2026.09.07.749923
UR - https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.07.749923v1
AB - Powassan virus (POWV) is an emerging neurotropic tick-borne flavivirus, yet the mechanisms by which POWV evades host antiviral immunity remain poorly defined. Here, we identify multiple mechanisms of POWV innate immune antagonism with the viral polymerase NS5 protein as a central inhibitor of cytokine signaling. Both POWV lineages potently inhibited type I interferon (IFN) signaling, and NS5 expression suppressed signaling and downstream interferon-stimulated gene expression. Affinity purification-mass spectrometry identified the host kinase TYK2 as a conserved NS5 interactor. POWV NS5 binds the TYK2 kinase domain through a discrete interface within the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region between catalytic motifs B and C and inhibits TYK2 phosphorylation. Disruption of this interface abrogated TYK2 binding and reduced NS5-mediated IFN antagonism, while revealing additional TYK2-independent mechanisms of immune suppression. POWV NS5 also inhibited TYK2-dependent IFN-{lambda} and IL-12 signaling, demonstrating that its immune antagonism extends beyond type I IFN. Together, these findings identify TYK2 as a central target of POWV immune evasion and implicate the variable RdRp B-C region as an interface for flavivirus-host interactions. More broadly, our results reveal how POWV can coordinately suppress multiple antiviral cytokine pathways and provide insight into mechanisms that may shape tick-borne flavivirus host adaptation and pathogenesis.
ER -