Type IIn Supernovae. I. Uniform Light-curve Characterization and a Bimodality in the Radiated Energy Distribution
4 affiliations
- 1Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian
- 2The NSF AI Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Fundamental Interactions
- 3University of Florida
- 4The University of Texas at Austin
Abstract
We present the largest uniform study to date of Type IIn supernovae (SNe IIn), focusing in this first paper on the multiband optical light curves of 490 SNe IIn. The sample, constructed from multiple surveys, extends to z ≈ 0.8, with the majority of events at z ≲ 0.3. We construct uniform multiband and bolometric light curves using Gaussian process regression, and determine key observed properties in the rest frame (e.g., peak luminosity, timescales, radiated energy). We find that SNe IIn span broad ranges in peak luminosity (∼10 42 –10 44 erg s −1 ) and timescales (∼20–300 days above 50% of peak luminosity), but the sample divides into two clear groups in the luminosity-timescale phase space around the median peak luminosity (≈10 43 erg s −1 ): faint–fast and luminous–slow groups. This leads to a strong bimodality in the radiated energy distribution, with peaks at ∼10 49 and ∼2 × 10 50 erg, with the latter events having a characteristic timescale of ∼100 days, and the former appearing to bifurcate into two branches with timescales of ∼40 and ∼70 days. Therefore, SNe IIn exhibit at least two dominant groupings, and perhaps three, which are likely reflective of different progenitor and/or circumstellar medium (CSM) formation pathways. We do not find any obvious transition in SN IIn properties at the arbitrary cutoff of ≈−20 mag used for the designation “Type IIn superluminous supernovae” or “SLSN-IIn,” and we argue that this classification should be abandoned. The absence of SNe IIn with timescales of ≲15 days defines the region occupied by fast transients with evidence for interaction with a hydrogen-poor CSM.
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BibTeX
@article{hiramatsu2026type,
title = {{Type IIn Supernovae. I. Uniform Light-curve Characterization and a Bimodality in the Radiated Energy Distribution}},
author = {D. Hiramatsu and Edo Berger and Sebastián Gómez and P. K. Blanchard and Harsh Kumar and Wasundara Athukoralalage},
journal = {The Astrophysical Journal},
year = {2026},
month = jun,
doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/ae743c},
url = {https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae743c},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Type IIn Supernovae. I. Uniform Light-curve Characterization and a Bimodality in the Radiated Energy Distribution
AU - D. Hiramatsu
AU - Edo Berger
AU - Sebastián Gómez
AU - P. K. Blanchard
AU - Harsh Kumar
AU - Wasundara Athukoralalage
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/06/26
JO - The Astrophysical Journal
DO - 10.3847/1538-4357/ae743c
UR - https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae743c
AB - We present the largest uniform study to date of Type IIn supernovae (SNe IIn), focusing in this first paper on the multiband optical light curves of 490 SNe IIn. The sample, constructed from multiple surveys, extends to z ≈ 0.8, with the majority of events at z ≲ 0.3. We construct uniform multiband and bolometric light curves using Gaussian process regression, and determine key observed properties in the rest frame (e.g., peak luminosity, timescales, radiated energy). We find that SNe IIn span broad ranges in peak luminosity (∼10 42 –10 44 erg s −1 ) and timescales (∼20–300 days above 50% of peak luminosity), but the sample divides into two clear groups in the luminosity-timescale phase space around the median peak luminosity (≈10 43 erg s −1 ): faint–fast and luminous–slow groups. This leads to a strong bimodality in the radiated energy distribution, with peaks at ∼10 49 and ∼2 × 10 50 erg, with the latter events having a characteristic timescale of ∼100 days, and the former appearing to bifurcate into two branches with timescales of ∼40 and ∼70 days. Therefore, SNe IIn exhibit at least two dominant groupings, and perhaps three, which are likely reflective of different progenitor and/or circumstellar medium (CSM) formation pathways. We do not find any obvious transition in SN IIn properties at the arbitrary cutoff of ≈−20 mag used for the designation “Type IIn superluminous supernovae” or “SLSN-IIn,” and we argue that this classification should be abandoned. The absence of SNe IIn with timescales of ≲15 days defines the region occupied by fast transients with evidence for interaction with a hydrogen-poor CSM.
SN - 0004-637X
SN - 1538-4357
ER -