State-of-Health Diagnostics in Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Methodological Framework for Scalable Mechanical Ageing Assessments
- 1Production Engineering of E-Mobility Components (PEM), RWTH Aachen University, 52072 Aachen, Germany
Abstract
Pressure-related quantities such as internal pressure, cell expansion, and housing deformation are promising mechanical indicators of lithium-ion battery ageing because they are directly linked to degradation processes such as gas formation, lithium plating, and interphase growth. However, existing studies are largely limited to single-cell experiments under controlled laboratory conditions and do not provide a systematic framework for larger battery systems. This work reviews pressure- and expansion-based diagnostic approaches and derives a structured methodology for their practical application. The framework includes representative operating conditions, format-dependent assignment of measurement principles, sensor placement, sensor selection, and cycle-wise data processing. The results show that pressure-based diagnostics must be understood as a format-dependent methodological family, with dilatometric or force-based approaches being most suitable for pouch cells and strain-based methods for rigid housings. Overall, the study provides a scalable basis for integrating mechanical ageing diagnostics into future battery monitoring systems. The framework further describes the mechanical coupling of cells within a module, which determines both the magnitude of the measurable signal and the extent to which the state of individual cells can be resolved.
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BibTeX
@article{graaf2026stateofhealth,
title = {{State-of-Health Diagnostics in Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Methodological Framework for Scalable Mechanical Ageing Assessments}},
author = {Maximilian Graaf and Tim Neugebauer and Niklas Kisseler and Heiner H. Heimes and Achim Kampker},
journal = {Batteries},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
doi = {10.3390/batteries12110472},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/12/11/472},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - State-of-Health Diagnostics in Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Methodological Framework for Scalable Mechanical Ageing Assessments
AU - Maximilian Graaf
AU - Tim Neugebauer
AU - Niklas Kisseler
AU - Heiner H. Heimes
AU - Achim Kampker
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/11/06
JO - Batteries
DO - 10.3390/batteries12110472
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/12/11/472
AB - Pressure-related quantities such as internal pressure, cell expansion, and housing deformation are promising mechanical indicators of lithium-ion battery ageing because they are directly linked to degradation processes such as gas formation, lithium plating, and interphase growth. However, existing studies are largely limited to single-cell experiments under controlled laboratory conditions and do not provide a systematic framework for larger battery systems. This work reviews pressure- and expansion-based diagnostic approaches and derives a structured methodology for their practical application. The framework includes representative operating conditions, format-dependent assignment of measurement principles, sensor placement, sensor selection, and cycle-wise data processing. The results show that pressure-based diagnostics must be understood as a format-dependent methodological family, with dilatometric or force-based approaches being most suitable for pouch cells and strain-based methods for rigid housings. Overall, the study provides a scalable basis for integrating mechanical ageing diagnostics into future battery monitoring systems. The framework further describes the mechanical coupling of cells within a module, which determines both the magnitude of the measurable signal and the extent to which the state of individual cells can be resolved.
SN - 2313-0105
ER -