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Peer-reviewedCC BYHigh Energy Density Physics

Static linear density response from X-ray Thomson scattering measurements: A case study of warm dense beryllium

  • Sebastian Schwalbe1,2
  • Hannah M. Bellenbaum1,2,3
  • T. Döppner4
  • Maximilian Böhme4
  • Thomas Gawne1,2
  • D. Kraus2,3
  • M. J. MacDonald4
  • Zhandos A. Moldabekov1,2
  • Panagiotis B. Tolias5
  • Jan Vorberger2
  • Tobias Dornheim1,2
5 affiliations
  1. 1Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), Görlitz, D-02826, Germany
  2. 2Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), D-01328 Dresden, Germany
  3. 3Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Rostock, D-18057, Germany
  4. 4Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), CA, 94550, USA
  5. 5Space and Plasma Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
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Abstract

Linear response theory is ubiquitous throughout physics and plays a central role in the theoretical description of warm dense matter—an extreme state that occurs within compact astrophysical objects and that is traversed on the compression path of a fuel capsule in inertial confinement fusion applications. Here we show how one can relate the static linear density response function to X-ray Thomson scattering (XRTS) measurements, which opens up new possibilities for the diagnostics of extreme states of matter, and for the rigorous assessment and verification of theoretical models and approximations. As a practical example, we consider an XRTS data set of warm dense beryllium taken at the National Ignition Facility [T. Döppner et al., Nature 618 , 270–275 (2023)]. The comparison with state-of-the-art ab initio path integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) simulations [T. Dornheim et al. Nature Commun. 16 , 5103 (2025)] gives us a best estimate of the mass density of ρ = 18 ± 6 g/cc, which is consistent with previous PIMC and density functional theory based studies, but rules out the original estimate of ρ = 34 ± 4 g/cc based on a Chihara model fit.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{schwalbe2026static,
  title = {{Static linear density response from X-ray Thomson scattering measurements: A case study of warm dense beryllium}},
  author = {Sebastian Schwalbe and Hannah M. Bellenbaum and T. Döppner and Maximilian Böhme and Thomas Gawne and D. Kraus and M. J. MacDonald and Zhandos A. Moldabekov and Panagiotis B. Tolias and Jan Vorberger and Tobias Dornheim},
  journal = {High Energy Density Physics},
  year = {2026},
  month = jul,
  doi = {10.1016/j.hedp.2026.101302},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hedp.2026.101302},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Static linear density response from X-ray Thomson scattering measurements: A case study of warm dense beryllium
AU  - Sebastian Schwalbe
AU  - Hannah M. Bellenbaum
AU  - T. Döppner
AU  - Maximilian Böhme
AU  - Thomas Gawne
AU  - D. Kraus
AU  - M. J. MacDonald
AU  - Zhandos A. Moldabekov
AU  - Panagiotis B. Tolias
AU  - Jan Vorberger
AU  - Tobias Dornheim
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/07/28
JO  - High Energy Density Physics
DO  - 10.1016/j.hedp.2026.101302
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hedp.2026.101302
AB  - Linear response theory is ubiquitous throughout physics and plays a central role in the theoretical description of warm dense matter—an extreme state that occurs within compact astrophysical objects and that is traversed on the compression path of a fuel capsule in inertial confinement fusion applications. Here we show how one can relate the static linear density response function to X-ray Thomson scattering (XRTS) measurements, which opens up new possibilities for the diagnostics of extreme states of matter, and for the rigorous assessment and verification of theoretical models and approximations. As a practical example, we consider an XRTS data set of warm dense beryllium taken at the National Ignition Facility [T. Döppner et al., Nature 618 , 270–275 (2023)]. The comparison with state-of-the-art ab initio path integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) simulations [T. Dornheim et al. Nature Commun. 16 , 5103 (2025)] gives us a best estimate of the mass density of ρ = 18 ± 6 g/cc, which is consistent with previous PIMC and density functional theory based studies, but rules out the original estimate of ρ = 34 ± 4 g/cc based on a Chihara model fit.
SN  - 1574-1818
SN  - 1878-0563
ER  -