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PreprintCC BY-NC-NDChemRxiv

Understanding Differential Chemical Activities of Eutectic Gallium Indium (eGaIn) Thin Films with Fluorinated Analytes using Raman Spectroscopy

  • Dechassa Terefe1
  • Muhammad Shamim Al Mamun1
  • Momena Monwar1
  • Md. Tasmirul Jalil2,3
  • Ryan C. Tung2,3
  • M. Rashed Khan1
  1. 1Chemical Engineering, School of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering
  2. 2Mechanical Engineering, School of Mechanical, Materials, Aerospace and Industrial Engineering
  3. 3University of Nevada, Reno
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Abstract

Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) forms on the surface of eutectic gallium indium (eGaIn) alloy in air; In the presence of water, it transforms to gallium oxide monohydroxide, GaO(OH). During such transformation, it is challenging to differentiate the activities of the oxides while adsorbing solutes from the solvent. Herein, we address this challenge by investigating the temporal evolution of eGaIn thin films during adsorption of dilute organofluorines in water. We identify five hours as the stability threshold to obtain a water-modified thin film. Leveraging both fresh and five-hour-modified films in parallel, we distinguish water-specific changes and differentiate the signals uniquely caused by fluorinated analytes. The modified GaO(OH) interface demonstrates increased hydrophilicity for microdroplet studies and structural stability under high-energy (20 kV) electron beam irradiation. We leverage Frontier Molecular Orbital (FMO) theory to predict that the GaO(OH) surface is also a reactive catalytic interface. In the presence of the GaO(OH) surface and UVA irradiation, short-chain (HFBA) and long-chain (PFOA) fluorinated compounds exhibited altered interfacial activity. We leveraged Raman spectroscopy throughout our study to differentiate the in situ activities of Ga2O3 and GaO(OH). Our investigations will be useful for differentiating fresh and modified oxide dynamics during in situ interfacial studies or wet chemical measurements.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@misc{terefe2026understanding,
  title = {{Understanding Differential Chemical Activities of Eutectic Gallium Indium (eGaIn) Thin Films with Fluorinated Analytes using Raman Spectroscopy}},
  author = {Dechassa Terefe and Muhammad Shamim Al Mamun and Momena Monwar and Md. Tasmirul Jalil and Ryan C. Tung and M. Rashed Khan},
  howpublished = {ChemRxiv},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.26434/chemrxiv.15008961/v1},
  url = {https://chemrxiv.org/doi/full/10.26434/chemrxiv.15008961/v1},
  note = {CC BY-NC-ND},
}
RIS
TY  - UNPB
TI  - Understanding Differential Chemical Activities of Eutectic Gallium Indium (eGaIn) Thin Films with Fluorinated Analytes using Raman Spectroscopy
AU  - Dechassa Terefe
AU  - Muhammad Shamim Al Mamun
AU  - Momena Monwar
AU  - Md. Tasmirul Jalil
AU  - Ryan C. Tung
AU  - M. Rashed Khan
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/16
PB  - ChemRxiv
DO  - 10.26434/chemrxiv.15008961/v1
UR  - https://chemrxiv.org/doi/full/10.26434/chemrxiv.15008961/v1
AB  - Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) forms on the surface of eutectic gallium indium (eGaIn) alloy in air; In the presence of water, it transforms to gallium oxide monohydroxide, GaO(OH). During such transformation, it is challenging to differentiate the activities of the oxides while adsorbing solutes from the solvent. Herein, we address this challenge by investigating the temporal evolution of eGaIn thin films during adsorption of dilute organofluorines in water. We identify five hours as the stability threshold to obtain a water-modified thin film. Leveraging both fresh and five-hour-modified films in parallel, we distinguish water-specific changes and differentiate the signals uniquely caused by fluorinated analytes. The modified GaO(OH) interface demonstrates increased hydrophilicity for microdroplet studies and structural stability under high-energy (20 kV) electron beam irradiation. We leverage Frontier Molecular Orbital (FMO) theory to predict that the GaO(OH) surface is also a reactive catalytic interface. In the presence of the GaO(OH) surface and UVA irradiation, short-chain (HFBA) and long-chain (PFOA) fluorinated compounds exhibited altered interfacial activity. We leveraged Raman spectroscopy throughout our study to differentiate the in situ activities of Ga2O3 and GaO(OH). Our investigations will be useful for differentiating fresh and modified oxide dynamics during in situ interfacial studies or wet chemical measurements.
ER  -