Apparent Ca Test Positivity and Crossmatch Reactivity in Donkeys from Italy: Intraspecies and Horse-Donkey Compatibility.
- 1Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali (DIVAS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy.
Abstract
Blood group distribution and serological compatibility are poorly characterized in donkeys. We estimated the apparent Ca positive-test frequency in 84 domestic donkeys and assessed donkey-donkey and horse-donkey crossmatch reactivity. Ca typing was performed using a commercial equine immunochromatographic assay. For donkey-donkey crossmatching, one major and one minor crossmatch were analyzed for each of the 77 Ca-concordant and 34 Ca-discordant pairs. Fifty-six of eighty-four donkeys yielded a positive result with the equine Ca assay (66.7%; 95% CI, 56.1-75.8%). Major combined macroscopic/microscopic reactivity occurred in 18/77 Ca-concordant and 11/34 Ca-discordant pairs, whereas minor combined reactivity occurred in 21/77 and 8/34 pairs, respectively. In crossed random-effects logistic models, the adjusted odds ratios for Ca-discordant versus Ca-concordant pairs were 1.56 (95% CI, 0.64-3.82) for major combined reactivity, 0.82 (95% CI, 0.32-2.10) for minor combined reactivity, and 1.57 (95% CI, 0.41-5.94) for major macroscopic reactivity; the minor macroscopic model was not estimable. Horse-donkey reactions were frequent and direction-dependent. When donkey plasma was tested against horse RBCs, combined reactivity occurred in 80/80 tests in the horse-donor/donkey-recipient dataset and in 76/76 tests in the reciprocal dataset, with macroscopic reactivity in 77/80 (96.3%) and 74/76 (97.4%), respectively. In the reciprocal horse-plasma/donkey-RBC direction, combined reactivity occurred in 53/80 (66.3%) and 51/76 (67.1%) tests, with macroscopic reactivity in 32/80 (40.0%) and 32/76 (42.1%), respectively. Ca concordance was not significantly associated with crossmatch reactivity in the present dataset, and Ca status alone did not account for the observed crossmatch-reactivity pattern.
Related
- Feature harmonization reveals that apparent cross-cohort differences in tau-positivity prediction reflect variable availability and cohort stage structure
- Breaking the compatibility barrier: cholangioscopy-guided laser lithotripsy during enteroscopy-assisted endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in Roux-en-Y anatomy.
- Vaccine data suggest immunity could mitigate dementia. What's the biology behind these apparent effects?
- Case Report: Apparent progressive complete mismatch repair protein loss during platinum-based chemotherapy in metastatic rectal neuroendocrine tumour grade 2
- Apparent diffusion coefficient values on MRI as biomarkers for pre operative prediction of prognostic factors in endometrial cancer
BibTeX
@article{bozzola2026apparent,
title = {{Apparent Ca Test Positivity and Crossmatch Reactivity in Donkeys from Italy: Intraspecies and Horse-Donkey Compatibility.}},
author = {Chiara Bozzola and Enrica Zucca and Eva Spada and Luciana Baggiani and Roberta Perego and Daniela Proverbio},
journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3390/ani16203204},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42939135},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Apparent Ca Test Positivity and Crossmatch Reactivity in Donkeys from Italy: Intraspecies and Horse-Donkey Compatibility.
AU - Chiara Bozzola
AU - Enrica Zucca
AU - Eva Spada
AU - Luciana Baggiani
AU - Roberta Perego
AU - Daniela Proverbio
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/12
JO - Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
DO - 10.3390/ani16203204
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42939135
AB - Blood group distribution and serological compatibility are poorly characterized in donkeys. We estimated the apparent Ca positive-test frequency in 84 domestic donkeys and assessed donkey-donkey and horse-donkey crossmatch reactivity. Ca typing was performed using a commercial equine immunochromatographic assay. For donkey-donkey crossmatching, one major and one minor crossmatch were analyzed for each of the 77 Ca-concordant and 34 Ca-discordant pairs. Fifty-six of eighty-four donkeys yielded a positive result with the equine Ca assay (66.7%; 95% CI, 56.1-75.8%). Major combined macroscopic/microscopic reactivity occurred in 18/77 Ca-concordant and 11/34 Ca-discordant pairs, whereas minor combined reactivity occurred in 21/77 and 8/34 pairs, respectively. In crossed random-effects logistic models, the adjusted odds ratios for Ca-discordant versus Ca-concordant pairs were 1.56 (95% CI, 0.64-3.82) for major combined reactivity, 0.82 (95% CI, 0.32-2.10) for minor combined reactivity, and 1.57 (95% CI, 0.41-5.94) for major macroscopic reactivity; the minor macroscopic model was not estimable. Horse-donkey reactions were frequent and direction-dependent. When donkey plasma was tested against horse RBCs, combined reactivity occurred in 80/80 tests in the horse-donor/donkey-recipient dataset and in 76/76 tests in the reciprocal dataset, with macroscopic reactivity in 77/80 (96.3%) and 74/76 (97.4%), respectively. In the reciprocal horse-plasma/donkey-RBC direction, combined reactivity occurred in 53/80 (66.3%) and 51/76 (67.1%) tests, with macroscopic reactivity in 32/80 (40.0%) and 32/76 (42.1%), respectively. Ca concordance was not significantly associated with crossmatch reactivity in the present dataset, and Ca status alone did not account for the observed crossmatch-reactivity pattern.
SN - 2076-2615
ER -