Cosmic History from the Big Bang to the Present in Non-Equilibrium Dynamics: Energy Body, Rapid Expansion, Mass Generation, Deceleration, and Planck Particle Formation
Abstract
We present a unified cosmic history in Non-Equilibrium Dynamics (NED), from the Big
Bang to the present. The universe starts at t = 0 with R = 2ℓp and mass M0 ≈ 5.6×10−69 kg,
whose rest energy is M0c
2 ≈ 5.0 × 10−52 J, comparable to the universal energy unit µ. The
universe is initially an energy body with energy µ. Self-repulsion F0 = 7Mpc
2/(2ℓp) drives
a brief, extremely energetic acceleration:
a(0) ≈ 1.5 × 10113 m/s
2
, ta=0 ≈ 1.68 × 10−74 s, R˙(ta=0) ≈ 4.3 × 1030c.
As the universe expands, the coupling parameter D increases, and the mass increases as
M ∝ R2
. When mass generation becomes dominant, F0 = M′R˙
, the acceleration becomes
zero, and the universe transitions to decelerating expansion. At D =
√
Dnow, the mass
reaches the Planck mass:
M = Mp at R ≈ 6.4 × 10−5 m, t ≈ 4.7 × 10−29 s.
This is the beginning of Planck particle formation, in the early radiation era. We present a
table of R, M, and D at each stage: Big Bang, reheating, Planck particle formation, and
the present.
Related
- Cosmic History and Matter Generation in Non-Equilibrium Dynamics: Consistency with Standard Cosmology, and the Sufficiently Large D at Primordial Galaxy Formation
- Decelerating Expansion in Non-Equilibrium Dynamics: Mass Growth, Negative Acceleration, and the Falsifiable Prediction q0 = 1/2
- Cyclic Cosmic Expansion in Non-Equilibrium Dynamics: Identification of the Initial Velocity v0 as the Contraction Velocity near R = 2ℓp, Turning Points, Return to R = 2ℓp, Cosmic Age, and Repeated Cycles
- Cyclic Cosmic Expansion in Non-Equilibrium Dynamics: Identification of the Initial Velocity v0 as the Contraction Velocity near R = 2ℓp, Past Contraction, Future Turning Points, Cosmic Age, and Repeated Cycles
- Exact Solution of the Cosmic Equation in Non-Equilibrium Dynamics: Cosmic Age, Time Variation of Physical Constants, Observational Difficulty, and a Falsifiable Prediction of Decelerating Expansion
BibTeX
@misc{ueda2026cosmic,
title = {{Cosmic History from the Big Bang to the Present in Non-Equilibrium Dynamics: Energy Body, Rapid Expansion, Mass Generation, Deceleration, and Planck Particle Formation}},
author = {takashi ueda},
howpublished = {Zenodo},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.23591007},
url = {https://zenodo.org/records/23591007},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Cosmic History from the Big Bang to the Present in Non-Equilibrium Dynamics: Energy Body, Rapid Expansion, Mass Generation, Deceleration, and Planck Particle Formation
AU - takashi ueda
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/23
PB - Zenodo
DO - 10.5281/zenodo.23591007
UR - https://zenodo.org/records/23591007
AB - We present a unified cosmic history in Non-Equilibrium Dynamics (NED), from the Big Bang to the present. The universe starts at t = 0 with R = 2ℓp and mass M0 ≈ 5.6×10−69 kg, whose rest energy is M0c 2 ≈ 5.0 × 10−52 J, comparable to the universal energy unit µ. The universe is initially an energy body with energy µ. Self-repulsion F0 = 7Mpc 2/(2ℓp) drives a brief, extremely energetic acceleration: a(0) ≈ 1.5 × 10113 m/s 2 , ta=0 ≈ 1.68 × 10−74 s, R˙(ta=0) ≈ 4.3 × 1030c. As the universe expands, the coupling parameter D increases, and the mass increases as M ∝ R2 . When mass generation becomes dominant, F0 = M′R˙ , the acceleration becomes zero, and the universe transitions to decelerating expansion. At D = √ Dnow, the mass reaches the Planck mass: M = Mp at R ≈ 6.4 × 10−5 m, t ≈ 4.7 × 10−29 s. This is the beginning of Planck particle formation, in the early radiation era. We present a table of R, M, and D at each stage: Big Bang, reheating, Planck particle formation, and the present.
ER -