Intravenous Leiomyomatosis-A Single Centre Experience and Literature Review.
- 1Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
- 2University Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics "Narodni front", Kraljice Natalije 62, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Intravenous leiomyomatosis (IVL) is a rare, histologically benign proliferation of uterine smooth-muscle cells that extend intravascularly. The clinical significance of IVL lies in the potential for mechanical obstruction of the major veins and heart, as well as possible thromboembolic complications. Methods: A retrospective case series included four patients with confirmed IVL, treated at the Clinic for Gynaecology and Obstetrics "Narodni front" between 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2025. The following were recorded: medical history, imaging diagnostics (ultrasound, MRI), operative findings, histopathology, and follow-up data. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee, and written informed consent for participation in the study was obtained from all the patients. Results: The series included four patients aged 40 to 73 with histologically confirmed IVL who were treated surgically. In one patient, an intraoperative complication occurred in the form of sigmoid colon lesion and consequential resection, requiring surgical reconstruction, while the remaining procedures were completed without major complications. Histopathological findings in all cases indicated benign smooth-muscle differentiation with the presence of intravascular nodules of smooth-muscle cells (IVL). Residual disease and recurrence were documented in one patient. Conclusions: Our cases reflect a diverse spectrum of clinical presentations of IVL indicating the heterogeneity of the disease and the importance of a multimodal, multidisciplinary approach to the optimal management of this rare entity. The absence of further disease progression in our patients following bilateral oophorectomy, i.e., iatrogenic menopause, suggests the possible hormonal dependence of IVL.
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BibTeX
@article{smiljkovic2026intravenous,
title = {{Intravenous Leiomyomatosis-A Single Centre Experience and Literature Review.}},
author = {Olivera Dzatic Smiljkovic and Vesna Mandic Markovic and Ksenija Lalic and Lazar Nejkovic and Aleksandar Ristic},
journal = {Reports (MDPI)},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3390/reports9040333},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42924785},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Intravenous Leiomyomatosis-A Single Centre Experience and Literature Review.
AU - Olivera Dzatic Smiljkovic
AU - Vesna Mandic Markovic
AU - Ksenija Lalic
AU - Lazar Nejkovic
AU - Aleksandar Ristic
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/01
JO - Reports (MDPI)
DO - 10.3390/reports9040333
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42924785
AB - Background/Objectives: Intravenous leiomyomatosis (IVL) is a rare, histologically benign proliferation of uterine smooth-muscle cells that extend intravascularly. The clinical significance of IVL lies in the potential for mechanical obstruction of the major veins and heart, as well as possible thromboembolic complications. Methods: A retrospective case series included four patients with confirmed IVL, treated at the Clinic for Gynaecology and Obstetrics "Narodni front" between 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2025. The following were recorded: medical history, imaging diagnostics (ultrasound, MRI), operative findings, histopathology, and follow-up data. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee, and written informed consent for participation in the study was obtained from all the patients. Results: The series included four patients aged 40 to 73 with histologically confirmed IVL who were treated surgically. In one patient, an intraoperative complication occurred in the form of sigmoid colon lesion and consequential resection, requiring surgical reconstruction, while the remaining procedures were completed without major complications. Histopathological findings in all cases indicated benign smooth-muscle differentiation with the presence of intravascular nodules of smooth-muscle cells (IVL). Residual disease and recurrence were documented in one patient. Conclusions: Our cases reflect a diverse spectrum of clinical presentations of IVL indicating the heterogeneity of the disease and the importance of a multimodal, multidisciplinary approach to the optimal management of this rare entity. The absence of further disease progression in our patients following bilateral oophorectomy, i.e., iatrogenic menopause, suggests the possible hormonal dependence of IVL.
SN - 2571-841X
ER -