Continuous monitoring of blood–interstitial fluid intercompartmental molecular kinetics in freely moving animals
5 affiliations
- 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- 2Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- 3Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- 4Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- 5Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Abstract
Accurate health monitoring depends on continuous assessment of biochemical markers across multiple body compartments. While blood remains the clinical gold standard, interstitial fluid (ISF) presents a minimally invasive alternative that reflects local tissue physiology, although its biomarker kinetics often differ from blood. It is currently impossible to achieve simultaneous, continuous monitoring of both compartments, limiting insight into their dynamic relationship. To address this, we present BICEP (blood-ISF continuous-sensing electrochemical probe), a wireless electrochemical platform for continuous dual-compartment monitoring of analytes in blood and ISF. The BICEP system incorporates microfabricated soft sensors with biofouling-resistant aptamer interfaces, paired with a wearable potentiostat for remote configuration and readout. Using this system, we continuously tracked kanamycin signal in both anesthetized and freely moving rats, revealing distinct kinetic profiles and individualized temporal delays between blood and ISF signals. These findings confirm that ISF is not merely a proxy for blood but exhibits unique molecular kinetics influenced by individual variability and physiological state. This platform advances personalized health monitoring by providing integrated, dynamic correlation of blood and ISF biomarkers, deepening understanding of their physiological interplay under real-life conditions and paving the way for broader use of wearable ISF-based biosensors.
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BibTeX
@article{chen2026continuous,
title = {{Continuous monitoring of blood–interstitial fluid intercompartmental molecular kinetics in freely moving animals}},
author = {Yihang Chen and Qitao Hu and Jean Won Kwak and David Zakharian and Jenny Ji and Du Liu and Deepak Gopalan and Caoimhe Lyons and Max Yates and Steven C. Yee and Han Cui and Michael S. Eisenstein and Hyongsok Tom Soh},
journal = {Science Advances},
year = {2026},
month = may,
doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aed1895},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aed1895},
note = {CC BY-NC},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Continuous monitoring of blood–interstitial fluid intercompartmental molecular kinetics in freely moving animals
AU - Yihang Chen
AU - Qitao Hu
AU - Jean Won Kwak
AU - David Zakharian
AU - Jenny Ji
AU - Du Liu
AU - Deepak Gopalan
AU - Caoimhe Lyons
AU - Max Yates
AU - Steven C. Yee
AU - Han Cui
AU - Michael S. Eisenstein
AU - Hyongsok Tom Soh
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/05/20
JO - Science Advances
DO - 10.1126/sciadv.aed1895
UR - https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aed1895
AB - Accurate health monitoring depends on continuous assessment of biochemical markers across multiple body compartments. While blood remains the clinical gold standard, interstitial fluid (ISF) presents a minimally invasive alternative that reflects local tissue physiology, although its biomarker kinetics often differ from blood. It is currently impossible to achieve simultaneous, continuous monitoring of both compartments, limiting insight into their dynamic relationship. To address this, we present BICEP (blood-ISF continuous-sensing electrochemical probe), a wireless electrochemical platform for continuous dual-compartment monitoring of analytes in blood and ISF. The BICEP system incorporates microfabricated soft sensors with biofouling-resistant aptamer interfaces, paired with a wearable potentiostat for remote configuration and readout. Using this system, we continuously tracked kanamycin signal in both anesthetized and freely moving rats, revealing distinct kinetic profiles and individualized temporal delays between blood and ISF signals. These findings confirm that ISF is not merely a proxy for blood but exhibits unique molecular kinetics influenced by individual variability and physiological state. This platform advances personalized health monitoring by providing integrated, dynamic correlation of blood and ISF biomarkers, deepening understanding of their physiological interplay under real-life conditions and paving the way for broader use of wearable ISF-based biosensors.
SN - 2375-2548
ER -