Decoupling of the QAOA into independent spin-boson systems and high-depth performance on pure and mixed spin glasses
Abstract
The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is regarded as a promising candidate for near-term quantum advantage in combinatorial optimization, yet our ability to study it at scale is limited. Exact recursive formulas have been introduced for predicting QAOA performance on large spin glasses, but the computational cost of evaluating them grows exponentially with the number of QAOA layers, preventing the study of QAOA in the promising high-depth regime. In this work, we show that for the task of computing QAOA energy on any mixed dense spin glass problem, spins approximately decouple into independent spin-boson systems. In the infinite-size limit, the decoupling becomes exact, establishing the spin-boson mapping as a natural framework for the many-body physics of QAOA. This generalized spin-boson mapping gives a recursive procedure for computing QAOA energies that can be executed at modest cost using tensor networks. As a numerical application, we optimize QAOA on pure and mixed spin glasses at depths intractable for prior techniques, observing that higher-degree problems require more layers for a comparable approximation ratio while angle optimization becomes more challenging. While decoupling enables the evaluations of QAOA energies at large size and depth, it does not enable strong simulation of QAOA; a quantum computer is required to sample the bitstring corresponding to the predicted energy.
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BibTeX
@misc{boulebnane2026decoupling,
title = {{Decoupling of the QAOA into independent spin-boson systems and high-depth performance on pure and mixed spin glasses}},
author = {Sami Boulebnane and Abid Khan and Pragna Subrahmanya and Dylan Herman and Edward Farhi and Benjamin Villalonga and Ruslan Shaydulin},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.40309},
eprint = {2609.40309},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.40309},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Decoupling of the QAOA into independent spin-boson systems and high-depth performance on pure and mixed spin glasses
AU - Sami Boulebnane
AU - Abid Khan
AU - Pragna Subrahmanya
AU - Dylan Herman
AU - Edward Farhi
AU - Benjamin Villalonga
AU - Ruslan Shaydulin
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/30
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.40309
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.40309
AB - The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is regarded as a promising candidate for near-term quantum advantage in combinatorial optimization, yet our ability to study it at scale is limited. Exact recursive formulas have been introduced for predicting QAOA performance on large spin glasses, but the computational cost of evaluating them grows exponentially with the number of QAOA layers, preventing the study of QAOA in the promising high-depth regime. In this work, we show that for the task of computing QAOA energy on any mixed dense spin glass problem, spins approximately decouple into independent spin-boson systems. In the infinite-size limit, the decoupling becomes exact, establishing the spin-boson mapping as a natural framework for the many-body physics of QAOA. This generalized spin-boson mapping gives a recursive procedure for computing QAOA energies that can be executed at modest cost using tensor networks. As a numerical application, we optimize QAOA on pure and mixed spin glasses at depths intractable for prior techniques, observing that higher-degree problems require more layers for a comparable approximation ratio while angle optimization becomes more challenging. While decoupling enables the evaluations of QAOA energies at large size and depth, it does not enable strong simulation of QAOA; a quantum computer is required to sample the bitstring corresponding to the predicted energy.
ER -