The Effectiveness of Psychological Interventions for Common mental disorders (EPIC): protocol of a pragmatic randomized waitlist-controlled superiority trial
- 1Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
- 2Mental Health Services in the Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
- 3Department of Communication and Psychology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Abstract
Background: Primary sector settings are facing a pressing need for accessible and evidence-based psychological treatments. Despite this fact, only relatively few studies have used a rigorous randomized controlled trial (RCT) design to investigate the effect of psychotherapy in a naturalistic setting, where therapists possess a high degree of freedom to organize treatment and select their own methods. The main objective of the current study is to test the efficacy of psychotherapy for common mental disorders delivered in routine practice in Denmark, in comparison to a waitlist control group. Supplementary objectives are to assess potential predictors of symptom development while in treatment and while placed on a waitlist for treatment.
Methods: A total of 308 clients will be recruited from at least 20 psychologists practicing in the primary sector and randomized to (a) psychotherapy starting within 2 weeks or (b) a waitlist for treatment. The primary outcome will be the rate of change in symptoms of depression and anxiety, measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS). This outcome will be measured before randomization, every 2 weeks for 16 weeks and 4.5, 8.5, and 16.5 months after randomization. Secondary outcomes will include functional impairment (Sheehan’s Disability Scale), quality of life (World Health Organization Index), and perceived stress (Cohen’s Perceived Stress scale), measured before randomization and 4.5, 8.5, and 16.5 months after randomization, as well as satisfaction with treatment (Client Satisfaction Questionnaire), and negative treatment outcomes (Negative Events Questionnaire), measured 4.5 months after randomization in the treatment group only. Potential client predictors of symptom change in treatment and while on the waitlist will include personality pathology (Levels of Personality Functioning Scale), emotion regulation (Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire), and coping strategies (Brief-COPE inventory). Process predictors include the working alliance (Working Alliance Inventory) and the therapist’s therapeutic approach (Multitheoretical List of Therapeutic Interventions).
Discussion: This RCT will be the first of its kind to provide evidence on the efficacy of the psychotherapy conducted in routine practice in Denmark. Moreover, the predictor studies may help identify subpopulations of clients who are differentially impacted by the treatment or by time spent on a waitlist, thereby contributing to precision mental health care.
Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT06916429. Registered on March 31st, 2025: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06916429.
Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-026-09901-2.
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BibTeX
@article{jacobsen2026effectiveness,
title = {{The Effectiveness of Psychological Interventions for Common mental disorders (EPIC): protocol of a pragmatic randomized waitlist-controlled superiority trial}},
author = {Celia Faye Jacobsen and Carsten Hjorthøj and Ole Karkov Østergård and Stig Poulsen},
journal = {Trials},
year = {2026},
month = jul,
doi = {10.1186/s13063-026-09901-2},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-026-09901-2},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - The Effectiveness of Psychological Interventions for Common mental disorders (EPIC): protocol of a pragmatic randomized waitlist-controlled superiority trial
AU - Celia Faye Jacobsen
AU - Carsten Hjorthøj
AU - Ole Karkov Østergård
AU - Stig Poulsen
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/07/28
JO - Trials
DO - 10.1186/s13063-026-09901-2
UR - https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-026-09901-2
AB - Background: Primary sector settings are facing a pressing need for accessible and evidence-based psychological treatments. Despite this fact, only relatively few studies have used a rigorous randomized controlled trial (RCT) design to investigate the effect of psychotherapy in a naturalistic setting, where therapists possess a high degree of freedom to organize treatment and select their own methods. The main objective of the current study is to test the efficacy of psychotherapy for common mental disorders delivered in routine practice in Denmark, in comparison to a waitlist control group. Supplementary objectives are to assess potential predictors of symptom development while in treatment and while placed on a waitlist for treatment. Methods: A total of 308 clients will be recruited from at least 20 psychologists practicing in the primary sector and randomized to (a) psychotherapy starting within 2 weeks or (b) a waitlist for treatment. The primary outcome will be the rate of change in symptoms of depression and anxiety, measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS). This outcome will be measured before randomization, every 2 weeks for 16 weeks and 4.5, 8.5, and 16.5 months after randomization. Secondary outcomes will include functional impairment (Sheehan’s Disability Scale), quality of life (World Health Organization Index), and perceived stress (Cohen’s Perceived Stress scale), measured before randomization and 4.5, 8.5, and 16.5 months after randomization, as well as satisfaction with treatment (Client Satisfaction Questionnaire), and negative treatment outcomes (Negative Events Questionnaire), measured 4.5 months after randomization in the treatment group only. Potential client predictors of symptom change in treatment and while on the waitlist will include personality pathology (Levels of Personality Functioning Scale), emotion regulation (Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire), and coping strategies (Brief-COPE inventory). Process predictors include the working alliance (Working Alliance Inventory) and the therapist’s therapeutic approach (Multitheoretical List of Therapeutic Interventions). Discussion: This RCT will be the first of its kind to provide evidence on the efficacy of the psychotherapy conducted in routine practice in Denmark. Moreover, the predictor studies may help identify subpopulations of clients who are differentially impacted by the treatment or by time spent on a waitlist, thereby contributing to precision mental health care. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT06916429. Registered on March 31st, 2025: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06916429. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-026-09901-2.
SN - 1745-6215
ER -