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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Biomolecules

Comparison of Established and Emerging Biomarkers Across Estimated GFR

  • Markus Haar1
  • Maximilian Dreier1
  • Liesa Castro2
  • Fabian Gleibs1
  • Dominik Jarczak1
  • Geraldine De Heer1
  • Jorge Duque Escobar3,4,5
  • Susanne Klutmann5
  • Tanja Zeller3,4,5
  • Emir Sehovic3,4,5
  • Mahir Karakas1,5
5 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
  2. 2Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
  3. 3Institute of Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
  4. 4University Heart Center Luebeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
  5. 5DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site North, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
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Abstract

Established and emerging kidney biomarkers reflect filtration, tubular injury, inflammation, or cellular stress, but their relationships with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) are incompletely characterized. TRUE-GFR was a prospective cross-sectional study of 200 adults undergoing elective renal scintigraphy. Twelve serum or urinary biomarkers were measured, and eGFR was calculated using Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) creatinine, cystatin C, and combined creatinine–cystatin C equations. Among biomarkers not incorporated into the equations, urea showed the strongest and most consistent correlations across all three eGFR definitions (r = −0.733 to −0.795). Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), proenkephalin A 119–159 (penKid), and soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) showed moderate associations, strongest for cystatin C-based and combined eGFR. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) correlated moderately with cystatin C-based eGFR (r = −0.505) but weakly with creatinine-based eGFR (r = −0.241). Cysteine-rich protein 1 (CRIP1) correlations were weak, and urinary NephroCheck was unrelated to eGFR. These findings characterize concordance with estimated GFR and should not be interpreted as comparative diagnostic accuracy for true glomerular filtration.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{haar2026comparison,
  title = {{Comparison of Established and Emerging Biomarkers Across Estimated GFR}},
  author = {Markus Haar and Maximilian Dreier and Liesa Castro and Fabian Gleibs and Dominik Jarczak and Geraldine De Heer and Jorge Duque Escobar and Susanne Klutmann and Tanja Zeller and Emir Sehovic and Mahir Karakas},
  journal = {Biomolecules},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3390/biom16111571},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/16/11/1571},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Comparison of Established and Emerging Biomarkers Across Estimated GFR
AU  - Markus Haar
AU  - Maximilian Dreier
AU  - Liesa Castro
AU  - Fabian Gleibs
AU  - Dominik Jarczak
AU  - Geraldine De Heer
AU  - Jorge Duque Escobar
AU  - Susanne Klutmann
AU  - Tanja Zeller
AU  - Emir Sehovic
AU  - Mahir Karakas
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/28
JO  - Biomolecules
DO  - 10.3390/biom16111571
UR  - https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/16/11/1571
AB  - Established and emerging kidney biomarkers reflect filtration, tubular injury, inflammation, or cellular stress, but their relationships with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) are incompletely characterized. TRUE-GFR was a prospective cross-sectional study of 200 adults undergoing elective renal scintigraphy. Twelve serum or urinary biomarkers were measured, and eGFR was calculated using Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) creatinine, cystatin C, and combined creatinine–cystatin C equations. Among biomarkers not incorporated into the equations, urea showed the strongest and most consistent correlations across all three eGFR definitions (r = −0.733 to −0.795). Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), proenkephalin A 119–159 (penKid), and soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) showed moderate associations, strongest for cystatin C-based and combined eGFR. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) correlated moderately with cystatin C-based eGFR (r = −0.505) but weakly with creatinine-based eGFR (r = −0.241). Cysteine-rich protein 1 (CRIP1) correlations were weak, and urinary NephroCheck was unrelated to eGFR. These findings characterize concordance with estimated GFR and should not be interpreted as comparative diagnostic accuracy for true glomerular filtration.
SN  - 2218-273X
ER  -