Circulating IP-10/CXCL10 Correlates With Parasitemia and Disease Severity in Patients With Babesiosis: A Pilot Study
Abstract
Background Human babesiosis is an emerging tick-borne zoonosis that can cause serious complications, including death. Immune mechanisms that confer protection or promote disease severity in human babesiosis are poorly understood. Methods We measured the cytokine and antibody profile in a cohort of hospitalized patients who had babesiosis. Cytokine levels were measured in plasma using the Bio-Plex Pro Human Cytokine 27-Plex Assay, and Babesia microti–specific total IgG and its 4 isotypes were measured using an immunofluorescence assay. Cytokine profile was analyzed in relation to immune status, peak parasitemia, lowest hemoglobin levels, and disease severity. Results There were enhanced levels of 8 cytokines (eotaxin, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IP-10/CXCL10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, and TNF-α) in the plasma of 16 patients with babesiosis as compared with 7 controls. A positive correlation was found between IP-10 levels and parasitemia (Spearman R = 0.52, P = .04). Patients with severe babesiosis had elevated levels of IP-10 and IL-5 as compared with the other 2 clinical categories (ie, moderate and moderately severe). Immunosuppression was associated with low levels of the VEGF and FGF basic angiogenic factors. There was also an inverse correlation between hemoglobin and IL-1β or IL-9 levels. Last, patients with babesiosis produced abundant levels of immunofluorescence assay total IgG and IgG1 and IgG3 but low levels of IgG2 and no IgG4. Conclusions IP-10 and other cytokines that exhibited elevated levels should be further investigated as biomarkers of severe babesiosis.
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BibTeX
@article{oakley2026circulating,
title = {{Circulating IP-10/CXCL10 Correlates With Parasitemia and Disease Severity in Patients With Babesiosis: A Pilot Study}},
author = {Miranda S Oakley and Clifford T H Hayashi and Anne Spichler-Moffarah and Victoria Majam and Marjorie Golden and Scott Meredith and Hong Zheng and David E Leaf and Audrey Monson and Scott C Roberts and Demerise Johnston and Peter J Krause and Sanjai Kumar},
journal = {Open Forum Infectious Diseases},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1093/ofid/ofag671},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofag671},
note = {Public domain},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Circulating IP-10/CXCL10 Correlates With Parasitemia and Disease Severity in Patients With Babesiosis: A Pilot Study
AU - Miranda S Oakley
AU - Clifford T H Hayashi
AU - Anne Spichler-Moffarah
AU - Victoria Majam
AU - Marjorie Golden
AU - Scott Meredith
AU - Hong Zheng
AU - David E Leaf
AU - Audrey Monson
AU - Scott C Roberts
AU - Demerise Johnston
AU - Peter J Krause
AU - Sanjai Kumar
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/26
JO - Open Forum Infectious Diseases
DO - 10.1093/ofid/ofag671
UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofag671
AB - Background Human babesiosis is an emerging tick-borne zoonosis that can cause serious complications, including death. Immune mechanisms that confer protection or promote disease severity in human babesiosis are poorly understood. Methods We measured the cytokine and antibody profile in a cohort of hospitalized patients who had babesiosis. Cytokine levels were measured in plasma using the Bio-Plex Pro Human Cytokine 27-Plex Assay, and Babesia microti–specific total IgG and its 4 isotypes were measured using an immunofluorescence assay. Cytokine profile was analyzed in relation to immune status, peak parasitemia, lowest hemoglobin levels, and disease severity. Results There were enhanced levels of 8 cytokines (eotaxin, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IP-10/CXCL10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, and TNF-α) in the plasma of 16 patients with babesiosis as compared with 7 controls. A positive correlation was found between IP-10 levels and parasitemia (Spearman R = 0.52, P = .04). Patients with severe babesiosis had elevated levels of IP-10 and IL-5 as compared with the other 2 clinical categories (ie, moderate and moderately severe). Immunosuppression was associated with low levels of the VEGF and FGF basic angiogenic factors. There was also an inverse correlation between hemoglobin and IL-1β or IL-9 levels. Last, patients with babesiosis produced abundant levels of immunofluorescence assay total IgG and IgG1 and IgG3 but low levels of IgG2 and no IgG4. Conclusions IP-10 and other cytokines that exhibited elevated levels should be further investigated as biomarkers of severe babesiosis.
SN - 2328-8957
ER -