Structure–Property Relationships of PAM/CMC-Based Semi-IPN Hydrogels: Influence of APS/ANI Ratio on Swelling, Electrical, Thermal, and Morphological Properties
- 1São Paulo State University (UNESP) , , Avenida Brasil, 56 − Centro , , ,
Abstract
In this work, semi-interpenetrating network (semi-IPN) hydrogels based on polyacrylamide (PAM)/CMC matrices incorporating polyaniline (PANI) were synthesized to investigate the influence of the ammonium persulfate/aniline (APS/ANI) ratio on structure–property relationships. Hydrogels were prepared via free radical polymerization of PAM/CMC followed by in situ polymerization of aniline within the preformed matrix, yielding composites with systematically varied APS/ANI ratios. Swelling studies in 1.0 mol L–1 HCl revealed that the incorporation of PANI reduced the equilibrium electrolyte swelling degree relative to PAM/CMC hydrogels, yet promoted specific ionic interactions with Cl– ions, strongly dependent on the oxidant/monomer ratio. Electrical conductivity analysis reached values up to 10–2 S·cm–1, with the highest performance observed for hydrogels synthesized at intermediate APS/ANI ratios. Morphological (SEM/EDX) and structural (FTIR, UV–Vis, XRD) analyses demonstrated that PANI formed dendritic-like microstructures distributed within the CMC-containing matrix, while XRD results correlated crystallinity variations with electrical performance. Thermal analysis (TGA) indicated differences in the thermal degradation behavior of the composites compared with the PAM/CMC matrix. These findings highlight the central role of the APS/ANI ratio in modulating the swelling, structural organization, and electroactive properties of PAM/CMC/PANI semi-IPN hydrogels, providing insights for the design of polysaccharide-based conductive materials with potential applications in electroactive devices.
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BibTeX
@article{nascimento2026structureproperty,
title = {{Structure–Property Relationships of PAM/CMC-Based Semi-IPN Hydrogels: Influence of APS/ANI Ratio on Swelling, Electrical, Thermal, and Morphological Properties}},
author = {Denis W. S. Nascimento and Marcia R. de Moura and Jose A. Malmonge and Fauze A. Aouada},
journal = {ACS Omega},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1021/acsomega.6c07502},
url = {https://pubs.acs.org/acsodf/article/11/42/65185/5451915/Structure-Property-Relationships-of-PAM-CMC-Based},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Structure–Property Relationships of PAM/CMC-Based Semi-IPN Hydrogels: Influence of APS/ANI Ratio on Swelling, Electrical, Thermal, and Morphological Properties
AU - Denis W. S. Nascimento
AU - Marcia R. de Moura
AU - Jose A. Malmonge
AU - Fauze A. Aouada
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/15
JO - ACS Omega
DO - 10.1021/acsomega.6c07502
UR - https://pubs.acs.org/acsodf/article/11/42/65185/5451915/Structure-Property-Relationships-of-PAM-CMC-Based
AB - In this work, semi-interpenetrating network (semi-IPN) hydrogels based on polyacrylamide (PAM)/CMC matrices incorporating polyaniline (PANI) were synthesized to investigate the influence of the ammonium persulfate/aniline (APS/ANI) ratio on structure–property relationships. Hydrogels were prepared via free radical polymerization of PAM/CMC followed by in situ polymerization of aniline within the preformed matrix, yielding composites with systematically varied APS/ANI ratios. Swelling studies in 1.0 mol L–1 HCl revealed that the incorporation of PANI reduced the equilibrium electrolyte swelling degree relative to PAM/CMC hydrogels, yet promoted specific ionic interactions with Cl– ions, strongly dependent on the oxidant/monomer ratio. Electrical conductivity analysis reached values up to 10–2 S·cm–1, with the highest performance observed for hydrogels synthesized at intermediate APS/ANI ratios. Morphological (SEM/EDX) and structural (FTIR, UV–Vis, XRD) analyses demonstrated that PANI formed dendritic-like microstructures distributed within the CMC-containing matrix, while XRD results correlated crystallinity variations with electrical performance. Thermal analysis (TGA) indicated differences in the thermal degradation behavior of the composites compared with the PAM/CMC matrix. These findings highlight the central role of the APS/ANI ratio in modulating the swelling, structural organization, and electroactive properties of PAM/CMC/PANI semi-IPN hydrogels, providing insights for the design of polysaccharide-based conductive materials with potential applications in electroactive devices.
SN - 2470-1343
ER -