Quantum circuit design via dynamic Pauli constraints
Abstract
We introduce the Motte model, a software-oriented model of quantum computation motivated by the practical constraints of near-term quantum hardware. In this model, gates are specified by constraints expressed in terms of Pauli observables, with each disjoint layer of gates accompanied by a pairwise or k-local quantum state tomography of the device. We prove that the model is equivalent to the coupling-graph-restricted circuit model, and hence universal for BQP, with only polynomial overhead: emulating a depth-D circuit on N qubits requires O(D^2 N log N) elementary operations. Because the gate applied at each step is fixed exactly by the tomographic report, this emulation is robust to both the sampling and readout noise of the tomography. The model formalizes an idiom shared by existing work that ranges from quantum imaginary time evolution for the study of quantum systems to the use of quantum computers for procedural generation in games. It therefore provides a natural interface for designing quantum software entirely in terms of physically observable quantities, relevant for the NISQ era and into fault-tolerance, with gate and decoherence noise lying outside the present scope.
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BibTeX
@misc{wootton2026quantum,
title = {{Quantum circuit design via dynamic Pauli constraints}},
author = {James R. Wootton and Merlin Incerti-Medici and Daniel Bultrini and Pierre Fromholz},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2605.22744},
eprint = {2605.22744},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.22744},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Quantum circuit design via dynamic Pauli constraints
AU - James R. Wootton
AU - Merlin Incerti-Medici
AU - Daniel Bultrini
AU - Pierre Fromholz
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/11/02
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2605.22744
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.22744
AB - We introduce the Motte model, a software-oriented model of quantum computation motivated by the practical constraints of near-term quantum hardware. In this model, gates are specified by constraints expressed in terms of Pauli observables, with each disjoint layer of gates accompanied by a pairwise or k-local quantum state tomography of the device. We prove that the model is equivalent to the coupling-graph-restricted circuit model, and hence universal for BQP, with only polynomial overhead: emulating a depth-D circuit on N qubits requires O(D^2 N log N) elementary operations. Because the gate applied at each step is fixed exactly by the tomographic report, this emulation is robust to both the sampling and readout noise of the tomography. The model formalizes an idiom shared by existing work that ranges from quantum imaginary time evolution for the study of quantum systems to the use of quantum computers for procedural generation in games. It therefore provides a natural interface for designing quantum software entirely in terms of physically observable quantities, relevant for the NISQ era and into fault-tolerance, with gate and decoherence noise lying outside the present scope.
ER -