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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0The Astrophysical Journal

Multispacecraft Constrained Modeling of Solar Energetic Particle Transport across Different Heliocentric Radii and Heliolongitudes

  • M.-L. 美林 Deng 邓1
  • G. 刚 Qin 秦1
  1. 1Harbin Institute of Technology
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Abstract

Multispacecraft observations of solar energetic particles (SEPs) across diverse heliocentric radii and longitudes enable us to disentangle radial and longitudinal SEP transport effects from variable interplanetary magnetic connectivity. We analyze four SEP events jointly detected by different combinations of Parker Solar Probe (PSP), Solar Orbiter, STEREO-A, and the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, covering heliocentric distances of 0.42–1 au and distinct longitudinal positions. We compare observed 13–23 MeV proton flux time series with 18 MeV predictions from a fully three-dimensional focused transport model with an ideal Parker spiral magnetic field, which self-consistently simulates SEP propagation at the exact radial and longitudinal spacecraft sampling locations. The model incorporates key physical processes governing SEP transport: field-aligned streaming, pitch-angle scattering, cross-field diffusion, solar wind advection, magnetic focusing, and adiabatic cooling. We adopt event-specific transport parameters, with parallel mean free paths of 0.2–0.7 au and perpendicular-to-parallel diffusion ratios of 2%–10%. Observations show that SEP onset timing, rise duration, and peak flux are jointly modulated by heliocentric distance, longitudinal separation, and magnetic connectivity. Our simulations well reproduce the overall temporal evolution and reservoir-like decay signatures across all multispacecraft events, though noticeable discrepancies remain in the early rise and near-peak phases. These results provide empirical constraints on critical SEP transport parameters, advancing our understanding of SEP acceleration, propagation, and diffusion mechanisms, and offer valuable insights for practical space weather forecasting.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{邓2026multispacecraft,
  title = {{Multispacecraft Constrained Modeling of Solar Energetic Particle Transport across Different Heliocentric Radii and Heliolongitudes}},
  author = {M.-L. 美林 Deng 邓 and G. 刚 Qin 秦},
  journal = {The Astrophysical Journal},
  year = {2026},
  month = nov,
  doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/aeb00f},
  url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aeb00f},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Multispacecraft Constrained Modeling of Solar Energetic Particle Transport across Different Heliocentric Radii and Heliolongitudes
AU  - M.-L. 美林 Deng 邓
AU  - G. 刚 Qin 秦
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/11/05
JO  - The Astrophysical Journal
DO  - 10.3847/1538-4357/aeb00f
UR  - https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aeb00f
AB  - Multispacecraft observations of solar energetic particles (SEPs) across diverse heliocentric radii and longitudes enable us to disentangle radial and longitudinal SEP transport effects from variable interplanetary magnetic connectivity. We analyze four SEP events jointly detected by different combinations of Parker Solar Probe (PSP), Solar Orbiter, STEREO-A, and the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, covering heliocentric distances of 0.42–1 au and distinct longitudinal positions. We compare observed 13–23 MeV proton flux time series with 18 MeV predictions from a fully three-dimensional focused transport model with an ideal Parker spiral magnetic field, which self-consistently simulates SEP propagation at the exact radial and longitudinal spacecraft sampling locations. The model incorporates key physical processes governing SEP transport: field-aligned streaming, pitch-angle scattering, cross-field diffusion, solar wind advection, magnetic focusing, and adiabatic cooling. We adopt event-specific transport parameters, with parallel mean free paths of 0.2–0.7 au and perpendicular-to-parallel diffusion ratios of 2%–10%. Observations show that SEP onset timing, rise duration, and peak flux are jointly modulated by heliocentric distance, longitudinal separation, and magnetic connectivity. Our simulations well reproduce the overall temporal evolution and reservoir-like decay signatures across all multispacecraft events, though noticeable discrepancies remain in the early rise and near-peak phases. These results provide empirical constraints on critical SEP transport parameters, advancing our understanding of SEP acceleration, propagation, and diffusion mechanisms, and offer valuable insights for practical space weather forecasting.
SN  - 1538-4357
SN  - 0004-637X
ER  -