Probing the Taxonomic Diversity of the Small Near-Earth Object Population
Abstract
Small near-Earth objects (NEOs) represent the immediate source population of meteors and meteorites and provide a direct window into the compositional and dynamical evolution of the inner Solar System. However, their small sizes, rapid rotation rates, and short observability windows have historically limited systematic compositional characterization. We present results from a multi-year rapid-response near-infrared spectrophotometric survey of recently discovered NEOs conducted with the UKIRT-WFCAM instrument between 2016 and 2024. Our campaign obtained 371 observation sequences, yielding reliable color measurements and probabilistic taxonomic classifications for 122 NEOs, with diameters ranging from 5 m to 150 m and a median size of 60 m. We employed lightcurve-corrected Z, J, H, and K photometry and a machine-learning-based classification framework to derive both observed and debiased taxonomic distributions as a function of object size. The observed taxonomic fractions show a population of small NEOs dominated by S-complex and CX-complex objects in nearly equal proportions. After accounting for observational selection biases, however, the inferred intrinsic population is instead dominated by dark, carbonaceous (CX-complex) bodies, with important implications for the intrinsic composition of the small NEO population. We further explore the relationship between small NEOs, meteorite fall statistics, and atmospheric filtering effects, finding that a substantial fraction of carbonaceous material likely does not survive atmospheric entry. These results highlight the importance of debiased surveys of small NEOs for interpreting the meteorite record, refining delivery models from the main belt, and informing the selection of future mission targets and planetary defense strategies.
Versions
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BibTeX
@misc{lopezoquendo2026probing,
title = {{Probing the Taxonomic Diversity of the Small Near-Earth Object Population}},
author = {Andy J. López-Oquendo and David E. Trilling and Michael Mommert and Michaël Marsset},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = aug,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2608.28779},
eprint = {2608.28779},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.28779},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Probing the Taxonomic Diversity of the Small Near-Earth Object Population
AU - Andy J. López-Oquendo
AU - David E. Trilling
AU - Michael Mommert
AU - Michaël Marsset
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/08/28
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2608.28779
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.28779
AB - Small near-Earth objects (NEOs) represent the immediate source population of meteors and meteorites and provide a direct window into the compositional and dynamical evolution of the inner Solar System. However, their small sizes, rapid rotation rates, and short observability windows have historically limited systematic compositional characterization. We present results from a multi-year rapid-response near-infrared spectrophotometric survey of recently discovered NEOs conducted with the UKIRT-WFCAM instrument between 2016 and 2024. Our campaign obtained 371 observation sequences, yielding reliable color measurements and probabilistic taxonomic classifications for 122 NEOs, with diameters ranging from 5 m to 150 m and a median size of 60 m. We employed lightcurve-corrected Z, J, H, and K photometry and a machine-learning-based classification framework to derive both observed and debiased taxonomic distributions as a function of object size. The observed taxonomic fractions show a population of small NEOs dominated by S-complex and CX-complex objects in nearly equal proportions. After accounting for observational selection biases, however, the inferred intrinsic population is instead dominated by dark, carbonaceous (CX-complex) bodies, with important implications for the intrinsic composition of the small NEO population. We further explore the relationship between small NEOs, meteorite fall statistics, and atmospheric filtering effects, finding that a substantial fraction of carbonaceous material likely does not survive atmospheric entry. These results highlight the importance of debiased surveys of small NEOs for interpreting the meteorite record, refining delivery models from the main belt, and informing the selection of future mission targets and planetary defense strategies.
ER -