Optimization of removal of indigo carmine dye by silver–iron oxide bimetallic nanoparticles through response surface methodology modelling: experimental and theoretical mechanistic insights
8 affiliations
- 1Department of Chemistry, KLE Society's S. Nijalingappa College Bengaluru 560010 Karnataka India
- 2Department of Chemistry, New Horizon College of Engineering Bangalore 560103 Karnataka India
- 3Department of Chemistry, Gopalan College of Engineering and Management Bangalore 560048 Karnataka India
- 4Department of Chemistry, MVJ College of Engineering Bangalore 560067 Karnataka India
- 5Department of Chemistry, KLE Society's P.C. Jabin Science College Hubballi 580031 Karnataka India
- 6Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University Abha 61421 Saudi Arabia
- 7Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University Amman 19328 Jordan
- 8Dire-Dawa University Dire Dawa 1362 Ethiopia
Abstract
This study describes the easy synthesis and application of silver–iron oxide bimetallic nanoparticles (AgFe BNPs) for the removal of organic dye “Indigo Carmine” (IC) from the aqueous solution. To investigate this potential, we used the rose petals extract during the aqueous phase to create bimetallic Ag–Fe nanoparticles. It also describes the structural, morphological, elemental composition, vibrational, and optical characterization of synthesised AgFe BNPs. To identify the ideal circumstances for IC dye removal, several variables influencing dye adsorption were examined, including the impact of adsorbent mass, contact time, pH, initial IC concentration, and temperatures through the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) method. The highest removal percentage (% R) under ideal circumstances was 92.21%. Additionally, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model was used to fit the adsorption kinetic results. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm was in line with the composites including in the case of the adsorption isotherms. There have been reports on the parameters of enthalpy, and entropy, and free energy. The random distribution of dye molecules on the iron oxide nanoparticles adsorbent and the exothermic character of dye removal were both demonstrated by thermodynamic data. Computational studies show that, electrostatic interactions between the dye molecules and adsorbent surface functional groups dominated the adsorption process characteristics. The findings indicated that AgFe BNPs could be a viable, affordable, and environmentally friendly adsorbent for industrial effluent containing dyes. This green synthesis method shows promise in treating water pollution by removing organic contaminants while minimizing the use of dangerous chemicals and utilizing plant extract's natural bioactive qualities.
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BibTeX
@article{raghavendra2026optimization,
title = {{Optimization of removal of indigo carmine dye by silver–iron oxide bimetallic nanoparticles through response surface methodology modelling: experimental and theoretical mechanistic insights}},
author = {Narasimha Raghavendra and Asha Puthussery Koroth and C. Sarika and Preethi G. and Ramya Halesh Huller and Roohul Abad Khan and Aseel Smerat and Saiful Islam and A. Khan},
journal = {RSC Advances},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1039/d6ra07911c},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ra07911c},
note = {CC BY-NC 3.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Optimization of removal of indigo carmine dye by silver–iron oxide bimetallic nanoparticles through response surface methodology modelling: experimental and theoretical mechanistic insights
AU - Narasimha Raghavendra
AU - Asha Puthussery Koroth
AU - C. Sarika
AU - Preethi G.
AU - Ramya Halesh Huller
AU - Roohul Abad Khan
AU - Aseel Smerat
AU - Saiful Islam
AU - A. Khan
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/09
JO - RSC Advances
DO - 10.1039/d6ra07911c
UR - https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ra07911c
AB - This study describes the easy synthesis and application of silver–iron oxide bimetallic nanoparticles (AgFe BNPs) for the removal of organic dye “Indigo Carmine” (IC) from the aqueous solution. To investigate this potential, we used the rose petals extract during the aqueous phase to create bimetallic Ag–Fe nanoparticles. It also describes the structural, morphological, elemental composition, vibrational, and optical characterization of synthesised AgFe BNPs. To identify the ideal circumstances for IC dye removal, several variables influencing dye adsorption were examined, including the impact of adsorbent mass, contact time, pH, initial IC concentration, and temperatures through the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) method. The highest removal percentage (% R) under ideal circumstances was 92.21%. Additionally, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model was used to fit the adsorption kinetic results. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm was in line with the composites including in the case of the adsorption isotherms. There have been reports on the parameters of enthalpy, and entropy, and free energy. The random distribution of dye molecules on the iron oxide nanoparticles adsorbent and the exothermic character of dye removal were both demonstrated by thermodynamic data. Computational studies show that, electrostatic interactions between the dye molecules and adsorbent surface functional groups dominated the adsorption process characteristics. The findings indicated that AgFe BNPs could be a viable, affordable, and environmentally friendly adsorbent for industrial effluent containing dyes. This green synthesis method shows promise in treating water pollution by removing organic contaminants while minimizing the use of dangerous chemicals and utilizing plant extract's natural bioactive qualities.
SN - 2046-2069
ER -