Thermal fluctuations and electronic readout using a moving-coil movement
Abstract
The moving-coil meter provides a simple context in which to model deterministic electromechanical dynamics, thermal fluctuations, and electronic readout. The movement is a linear electromechanical system in which electrical resistance and intrinsic mechanical damping act as two independent dissipative channels, each accompanied by thermal fluctuations. The stored energy provides a Lyapunov function for stability, and the algebraic Lyapunov equation yields the stationary covariance in closed form. The result exhibits equipartition among the energy terms; damping is shown to reshape the temporal memory of the fluctuations without changing their steady-state variance, giving a thermal floor of a few picoamperes for a representative movement. Exact stochastic integration reproduces the stationary covariance and autocorrelation structure; the covariance is also recovered by spectral integration. Embedding the movement in an active current-drive readout shifts attention to the noise of the complete readout, which a design-stage estimate expresses as a few parts per million of full scale, growing as the input sensitivity increases. The example illustrates that measurement sensitivity and resolution cannot be considered independently. The treatment is aimed at master's-level students in physics with some background in statistical physics and stochastic processes, and basic familiarity with analog electronics.
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BibTeX
@misc{sabatini2026thermal,
title = {{Thermal fluctuations and electronic readout using a moving-coil movement}},
author = {Angelo Maria Sabatini},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.08721},
eprint = {2610.08721},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.08721},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Thermal fluctuations and electronic readout using a moving-coil movement
AU - Angelo Maria Sabatini
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/29
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.08721
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.08721
AB - The moving-coil meter provides a simple context in which to model deterministic electromechanical dynamics, thermal fluctuations, and electronic readout. The movement is a linear electromechanical system in which electrical resistance and intrinsic mechanical damping act as two independent dissipative channels, each accompanied by thermal fluctuations. The stored energy provides a Lyapunov function for stability, and the algebraic Lyapunov equation yields the stationary covariance in closed form. The result exhibits equipartition among the energy terms; damping is shown to reshape the temporal memory of the fluctuations without changing their steady-state variance, giving a thermal floor of a few picoamperes for a representative movement. Exact stochastic integration reproduces the stationary covariance and autocorrelation structure; the covariance is also recovered by spectral integration. Embedding the movement in an active current-drive readout shifts attention to the noise of the complete readout, which a design-stage estimate expresses as a few parts per million of full scale, growing as the input sensitivity increases. The example illustrates that measurement sensitivity and resolution cannot be considered independently. The treatment is aimed at master's-level students in physics with some background in statistical physics and stochastic processes, and basic familiarity with analog electronics.
ER -