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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Frontiers in Psychiatry

Continuous and cumulative trauma, trauma appraisals, and depersonalisation-derealisation in individuals exposed to armed conflict

  • Emanuele Fino1
  • Martin Robinson1
  • Donncha Hanna1
  • Chérie Armour1
  1. 1Queen’s University Belfast School of Psychology
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Abstract

Background: Depersonalisation-derealisation (DPDR) is associated with trauma, but the relationship between conflict-related adverse experiences and DPDR remains unclear. The present study examined armed conflict-related trauma exposures, adverse childhood experiences, trauma-related comorbid psychopathology, and trauma appraisals as predictors of DPDR.

Methods: Analyses were conducted on data from 562 Colombian adults exposed to armed conflict across three waves, over 18 months. Three generalised linear mixed modelling frameworks were used: a two-step hurdle, including (i) a logistic model after recoding DPDR as binary, and (ii) a positive-part Gamma mixed model on non-zero DPDR scores; (iii) a Tweedie model. Predictors were entered sequentially as: Trauma exposure, adverse childhood experiences, DPDR-specific covariates, and trauma appraisals.

Results: Across all models, armed conflict-related trauma exposure variables and adverse childhood experiences were not independently associated with DPDR, while non-DPDR dissociative experiences showed significant and positive associations with DPDR. Trauma appraisals did not predict DPDR presence or severity.

Conclusions: This was the first study to investigate DPDR in adults exposed to continuous and cumulative trauma related to armed conflict. Findings suggest that, in this population, DPDR was associated with broader dissociative experiences but not with cumulative trauma exposure or trauma appraisals, with important implications for theory and practice.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{fino2026continuous,
  title = {{Continuous and cumulative trauma, trauma appraisals, and depersonalisation-derealisation in individuals exposed to armed conflict}},
  author = {Emanuele Fino and Martin Robinson and Donncha Hanna and Chérie Armour},
  journal = {Frontiers in Psychiatry},
  year = {2026},
  month = nov,
  doi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1907332},
  url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1907332/full},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Continuous and cumulative trauma, trauma appraisals, and depersonalisation-derealisation in individuals exposed to armed conflict
AU  - Emanuele Fino
AU  - Martin Robinson
AU  - Donncha Hanna
AU  - Chérie Armour
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/11/06
JO  - Frontiers in Psychiatry
DO  - 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1907332
UR  - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1907332/full
AB  - Background: Depersonalisation-derealisation (DPDR) is associated with trauma, but the relationship between conflict-related adverse experiences and DPDR remains unclear. The present study examined armed conflict-related trauma exposures, adverse childhood experiences, trauma-related comorbid psychopathology, and trauma appraisals as predictors of DPDR.  Methods: Analyses were conducted on data from 562 Colombian adults exposed to armed conflict across three waves, over 18 months. Three generalised linear mixed modelling frameworks were used: a two-step hurdle, including (i) a logistic model after recoding DPDR as binary, and (ii) a positive-part Gamma mixed model on non-zero DPDR scores; (iii) a Tweedie model. Predictors were entered sequentially as: Trauma exposure, adverse childhood experiences, DPDR-specific covariates, and trauma appraisals.  Results: Across all models, armed conflict-related trauma exposure variables and adverse childhood experiences were not independently associated with DPDR, while non-DPDR dissociative experiences showed significant and positive associations with DPDR. Trauma appraisals did not predict DPDR presence or severity.  Conclusions: This was the first study to investigate DPDR in adults exposed to continuous and cumulative trauma related to armed conflict. Findings suggest that, in this population, DPDR was associated with broader dissociative experiences but not with cumulative trauma exposure or trauma appraisals, with important implications for theory and practice.
SN  - 1664-0640
ER  -