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Peer-reviewedCC BYThe Microbe

Community MRSA reservoir in children in Adamawa State, Nigeria: Prevalence and phenotypic distribution analysis

  • Hafeez A. Adekola1
  • Abideen O. Salako2
  • Samson A. Luka2
  • Sakinah O. Adewunmi2
  • Ajoke O. Adagbada2
  • Jacob I. Yisau2
  • Oluwatoyin B. Awoderu2
  • Vincent P. Gyang2
  • Olusola Ajibaye2
  • Toyosi Y. Raheem2
  • Emelda E. Chukwu2
  • Muinah A. Fowora2
2 more authors
  • Tajudeen A. Bamidele2
  • Oliver C. Ezechi2
  1. 1Corresponding author.
  2. 2Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Nigeria
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Abstract

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) globally; however, existing surveillance systems are largely hospital-focused, potentially underestimating the burden and transmission dynamics of MRSA in community settings. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among apparently healthy children aged 1–59 months in northeastern Nigeria. Nasopharyngeal swabs were cultured for S. aureus using standard microbiological methods. Methicillin resistance was determined by cefoxitin disk diffusion. Result: Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 122 (52.1%; 95% CI: 45.8–58.5%) of the 234 children included in this study. Among these, 31 isolates were classified as MRSA, corresponding to a prevalence of 25.4% (95% CI: 18.5–33.8%) among isolates and 13.2% (95% CI: 9.5–18.2%) at the study population level. Cefoxitin zone diameters demonstrated a clear bimodal distribution, with MRSA clustering at lower diameters and MSSA at higher diameters, with minimal overlap around the CLSI breakpoint. Only 13.1% of isolates were within ±2 mm of the breakpoint, indicating limited classification ambiguity. Conclusions: MRSA carriage among healthy children in this community-based LMIC setting is substantial and may be missed in existing surveillance frameworks. These findings highlight the need to expand AMR surveillance beyond healthcare facilities to include community pediatric populations.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{adekola2026community,
  title = {{Community MRSA reservoir in children in Adamawa State, Nigeria: Prevalence and phenotypic distribution analysis}},
  author = {Hafeez A. Adekola and Abideen O. Salako and Samson A. Luka and Sakinah O. Adewunmi and Ajoke O. Adagbada and Jacob I. Yisau and Oluwatoyin B. Awoderu and Vincent P. Gyang and Olusola Ajibaye and Toyosi Y. Raheem and Emelda E. Chukwu and Muinah A. Fowora and Tajudeen A. Bamidele and Oliver C. Ezechi},
  journal = {The Microbe},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1016/j.microb.2026.100818},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microb.2026.100818},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Community MRSA reservoir in children in Adamawa State, Nigeria: Prevalence and phenotypic distribution analysis
AU  - Hafeez A. Adekola
AU  - Abideen O. Salako
AU  - Samson A. Luka
AU  - Sakinah O. Adewunmi
AU  - Ajoke O. Adagbada
AU  - Jacob I. Yisau
AU  - Oluwatoyin B. Awoderu
AU  - Vincent P. Gyang
AU  - Olusola Ajibaye
AU  - Toyosi Y. Raheem
AU  - Emelda E. Chukwu
AU  - Muinah A. Fowora
AU  - Tajudeen A. Bamidele
AU  - Oliver C. Ezechi
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/30
JO  - The Microbe
DO  - 10.1016/j.microb.2026.100818
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microb.2026.100818
AB  - Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) globally; however, existing surveillance systems are largely hospital-focused, potentially underestimating the burden and transmission dynamics of MRSA in community settings. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among apparently healthy children aged 1–59 months in northeastern Nigeria. Nasopharyngeal swabs were cultured for S. aureus using standard microbiological methods. Methicillin resistance was determined by cefoxitin disk diffusion. Result: Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 122 (52.1%; 95% CI: 45.8–58.5%) of the 234 children included in this study. Among these, 31 isolates were classified as MRSA, corresponding to a prevalence of 25.4% (95% CI: 18.5–33.8%) among isolates and 13.2% (95% CI: 9.5–18.2%) at the study population level. Cefoxitin zone diameters demonstrated a clear bimodal distribution, with MRSA clustering at lower diameters and MSSA at higher diameters, with minimal overlap around the CLSI breakpoint. Only 13.1% of isolates were within ±2 mm of the breakpoint, indicating limited classification ambiguity. Conclusions: MRSA carriage among healthy children in this community-based LMIC setting is substantial and may be missed in existing surveillance frameworks. These findings highlight the need to expand AMR surveillance beyond healthcare facilities to include community pediatric populations.
SN  - 2950-1946
ER  -