Metasurface quantum graphs for polarization-independent certified randomness
Abstract
Quantum random number generators are crucial for information security, yet existing implementations are hindered by bulky optics, device imperfections, and state alignment constraints. Here, using a compact metasurface platform, we achieve polarization-independent certified randomness by establishing a quantitative quantum graph framework. By mapping multi-channel nanophotonic responses onto graph vertices, we assign metasurface measurements an operational information-theoretic meaning, directly connecting weighted graph degrees to conditional min-entropy estimation. The resulting graph-certified measurements yield robust private randomness even under entanglement-based attacks without complex optics. Experimentally, we fabricate 4- and 6-channel dielectric metasurfaces to implement high-dimensional positive operator-valued measure graphs, successfully certifying randomness with heralded single photons and Poissonian light. By integrating complex quantum measurements into a single passive layer, our metasurface quantum graphs provide a scalable route for integrated quantum technologies.
Related
- Randomness can be certified in energy-constrained semi-device-independent scenarios
- Certified Randomness Generation against Quantum Adversaries via Energy Constraints
- Tight Query Lower Bounds for Quantum Sampling, with an Application to Certified Randomness
- Local finite rate semi device independent randomness expansion from quantum contextuality
- Semi-device-independent quantum randomness certification in semiconductor spin-noise measurements
BibTeX
@misc{lin2026metasurface,
title = {{Metasurface quantum graphs for polarization-independent certified randomness}},
author = {Xing Lin and Wenwen Liu and Wange Song and Sixin Chen and Shuang Zhang},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.16286},
eprint = {2610.16286},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.16286},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Metasurface quantum graphs for polarization-independent certified randomness
AU - Xing Lin
AU - Wenwen Liu
AU - Wange Song
AU - Sixin Chen
AU - Shuang Zhang
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/12
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.16286
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.16286
AB - Quantum random number generators are crucial for information security, yet existing implementations are hindered by bulky optics, device imperfections, and state alignment constraints. Here, using a compact metasurface platform, we achieve polarization-independent certified randomness by establishing a quantitative quantum graph framework. By mapping multi-channel nanophotonic responses onto graph vertices, we assign metasurface measurements an operational information-theoretic meaning, directly connecting weighted graph degrees to conditional min-entropy estimation. The resulting graph-certified measurements yield robust private randomness even under entanglement-based attacks without complex optics. Experimentally, we fabricate 4- and 6-channel dielectric metasurfaces to implement high-dimensional positive operator-valued measure graphs, successfully certifying randomness with heralded single photons and Poissonian light. By integrating complex quantum measurements into a single passive layer, our metasurface quantum graphs provide a scalable route for integrated quantum technologies.
ER -