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Peer-reviewedCC BY-NC-NDActa pharmaceutica Sinica. B

Intelligent nano delivery systems: Classification, stimuli-responsive mechanisms, and therapeutic applications in critical illnesses.

  • Mengxin Zhao1,2
  • Baofeng Guo2
  • Quanhao Wang1
  • Mei Yang1
  • Jiaying Yang1
  • Yueyang Liang1
  • Wei Jiang3
  • Ling Zhang1
  1. 1College of Basic Medical Sciences, The Medical Basic Research Innovation Center of Airway Disease in North China, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
  2. 2Department of Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
  3. 3State Key Laboratory of Metabolic Dysregulation & Prevention and Treatment of Esophageal Cancer, Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, School of Convergence Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
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Abstract

Critical illnesses such as sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) evolve rapidly and are dominated by systemic inflammatory dysregulation, oxidative stress, and abrupt microenvironmental remodeling, which collectively narrow the therapeutic window and amplify treatment-related toxicity. Conventional pharmacotherapy is often limited by non-selective biodistribution, insufficient lesion exposure, and dose-limiting adverse effects. Intelligent nano-delivery systems (INDS) address these barriers by coupling pathological cues (e.g., pH gradients, redox/ROS imbalance, and disease-associated enzymes) to defined carrier-state transitions, thereby enabling lesion-confined activation, controlled bioavailability, and, in selected designs, real-time readouts. In this review, we summarize the design logic of stimulus-responsive and targeting modules, and critically discuss how they translate endogenous signals into payload release or functional actuation in representative critical-illness settings. We further highlight emerging directions, including self-adaptive multi-input gating and biomimetic interfaces, and discuss key translational constraints (manufacturability, safety, and reproducibility) that must be addressed to advance INDS toward critical-care practice.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{zhao2026intelligent,
  title = {{Intelligent nano delivery systems: Classification, stimuli-responsive mechanisms, and therapeutic applications in critical illnesses.}},
  author = {Mengxin Zhao and Baofeng Guo and Quanhao Wang and Mei Yang and Jiaying Yang and Yueyang Liang and Wei Jiang and Ling Zhang},
  journal = {Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B},
  year = {2026},
  month = jun,
  doi = {10.1016/j.apsb.2026.06.015},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42948347},
  note = {CC BY-NC-ND},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Intelligent nano delivery systems: Classification, stimuli-responsive mechanisms, and therapeutic applications in critical illnesses.
AU  - Mengxin Zhao
AU  - Baofeng Guo
AU  - Quanhao Wang
AU  - Mei Yang
AU  - Jiaying Yang
AU  - Yueyang Liang
AU  - Wei Jiang
AU  - Ling Zhang
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/06/18
JO  - Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B
DO  - 10.1016/j.apsb.2026.06.015
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42948347
AB  - Critical illnesses such as sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) evolve rapidly and are dominated by systemic inflammatory dysregulation, oxidative stress, and abrupt microenvironmental remodeling, which collectively narrow the therapeutic window and amplify treatment-related toxicity. Conventional pharmacotherapy is often limited by non-selective biodistribution, insufficient lesion exposure, and dose-limiting adverse effects. Intelligent nano-delivery systems (INDS) address these barriers by coupling pathological cues (e.g., pH gradients, redox/ROS imbalance, and disease-associated enzymes) to defined carrier-state transitions, thereby enabling lesion-confined activation, controlled bioavailability, and, in selected designs, real-time readouts. In this review, we summarize the design logic of stimulus-responsive and targeting modules, and critically discuss how they translate endogenous signals into payload release or functional actuation in representative critical-illness settings. We further highlight emerging directions, including self-adaptive multi-input gating and biomimetic interfaces, and discuss key translational constraints (manufacturability, safety, and reproducibility) that must be addressed to advance INDS toward critical-care practice.
SN  - 2211-3835
SN  - 2211-3843
ER  -