Spatial mapping of loco regional recurrences and disease related outcomes in breast cancer patients with Internal Mammary Node (IMN) positivity at presentation treated with a curative intent using moderately hypo-fractionated radiotherapy
- 1Tata Medical Center, Kolkata
Abstract
Purpose/ObjectiveThere is paucity of data reporting outcomes of breast cancers with initial internal mammary nodal involvement and no visceral metastases, treated with curative hypofractionated radiotherapy. We report the outcomes from a tertiary centre alongside spatial patterns of recurrences in the above group
Material/MethodsFor this retrospective cross-sectional study, consecutive patients contoured as per the ESTRO 2013 guidelines, treated between 2016-2022 were eligible if their diagnostic imaging demonstrated involvement of the internal mammary nodes. Radiotherapy (40 Gy/15#/3 weeks) was delivered to the residual breast / thoracic wall, SCF region corresponding to the ESTRO lymph node level 4 and internal mammary chain nodes. Residual IMN/ level 4 nodes received a boost of 10Gy/5#.
Spatial mapping of sites of recurrence at the local site and three nodal sites (axilla, SCF and IMN) was performed using deformable image registration.
Sites of recurrence at the local site and three nodal levels were contoured separately. Volumetric intersection of the recurrent gross tumour volume (GTV_recurrence) with treated clinical target volume (CTV) was calculated. Actuarial overall (OS), disease free survival (DFS) & cumulative incidence of local (LR), regional (RR) and loco-regional recurrence(LRR) were calculated using Kaplan Meier method. Univariate comparison of outcomes with or without residual disease was performed using the log rank test.
ResultsThe median age of the 61 eligible women was 49 years. 77% received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and the rest adjuvant chemotherapy. 82% patients had a mastectomy. Axillary lymph node dissection was done in 96.7%. Boosts to residual IMN and SCF nodes were delivered to 21(34.4%) and 2 (3.3%) respectively. Median follow up was 3.6 years. Out of the 61 patients, 42 patients were disease free with an estimated 3 year disease free survival of 75% (95% CI 64, 88%).
Spatial mapping of locoregional recurrence was possible in all but 1 patient with local (only) recurrence who was lost to follow-up after mammogram only. Among the patients with loco regional recurrence 1 had recurrence in local site + SCF +axilla, 3 had recurrence in the SCF+axilla, 2 in the SCF+IMN and 1 in the axilla+SCF+IMN. Only one patient had isolated axillary recurrence or isolated SCF recurrence. There were no IMN only recurrences. Among the 8 patients with nodal recurrence, a total of 27 individual GTV_recurrence were identified in the axilla(n=11), SCF(n=11) and IMN (n=5).
IMN recurrences showed complete or partial overlap with CTV. SCF recurrences were a mix with predominantly in-field recurrences while axillary recurrences occurred outside the treated volume.Four (6.6%) patients had Grade 2 lymphoedema as documented late side effect.
ConclusionAggressive treatment of IMN disease with adjuvant radiation is effective with good locoregional control. Systemic recurrences are common and may benefit from intensification strategies.
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BibTeX
@misc{chowdhury2026spatial,
title = {{Spatial mapping of loco regional recurrences and disease related outcomes in breast cancer patients with Internal Mammary Node (IMN) positivity at presentation treated with a curative intent using moderately hypo-fractionated radiotherapy}},
author = {D. Chowdhury and S. Chatterjee and S. Chakraborty and A. Mahata and B. Vashistha},
howpublished = {medRxiv},
year = {2026},
month = aug,
doi = {10.64898/2026.08.31.26361095},
url = {https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.31.26361095v1},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Spatial mapping of loco regional recurrences and disease related outcomes in breast cancer patients with Internal Mammary Node (IMN) positivity at presentation treated with a curative intent using moderately hypo-fractionated radiotherapy
AU - D. Chowdhury
AU - S. Chatterjee
AU - S. Chakraborty
AU - A. Mahata
AU - B. Vashistha
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/08/31
PB - medRxiv
DO - 10.64898/2026.08.31.26361095
UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.31.26361095v1
AB - Purpose/ObjectiveThere is paucity of data reporting outcomes of breast cancers with initial internal mammary nodal involvement and no visceral metastases, treated with curative hypofractionated radiotherapy. We report the outcomes from a tertiary centre alongside spatial patterns of recurrences in the above group Material/MethodsFor this retrospective cross-sectional study, consecutive patients contoured as per the ESTRO 2013 guidelines, treated between 2016-2022 were eligible if their diagnostic imaging demonstrated involvement of the internal mammary nodes. Radiotherapy (40 Gy/15#/3 weeks) was delivered to the residual breast / thoracic wall, SCF region corresponding to the ESTRO lymph node level 4 and internal mammary chain nodes. Residual IMN/ level 4 nodes received a boost of 10Gy/5#. Spatial mapping of sites of recurrence at the local site and three nodal sites (axilla, SCF and IMN) was performed using deformable image registration. Sites of recurrence at the local site and three nodal levels were contoured separately. Volumetric intersection of the recurrent gross tumour volume (GTV_recurrence) with treated clinical target volume (CTV) was calculated. Actuarial overall (OS), disease free survival (DFS) & cumulative incidence of local (LR), regional (RR) and loco-regional recurrence(LRR) were calculated using Kaplan Meier method. Univariate comparison of outcomes with or without residual disease was performed using the log rank test. ResultsThe median age of the 61 eligible women was 49 years. 77% received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and the rest adjuvant chemotherapy. 82% patients had a mastectomy. Axillary lymph node dissection was done in 96.7%. Boosts to residual IMN and SCF nodes were delivered to 21(34.4%) and 2 (3.3%) respectively. Median follow up was 3.6 years. Out of the 61 patients, 42 patients were disease free with an estimated 3 year disease free survival of 75% (95% CI 64, 88%). Spatial mapping of locoregional recurrence was possible in all but 1 patient with local (only) recurrence who was lost to follow-up after mammogram only. Among the patients with loco regional recurrence 1 had recurrence in local site + SCF +axilla, 3 had recurrence in the SCF+axilla, 2 in the SCF+IMN and 1 in the axilla+SCF+IMN. Only one patient had isolated axillary recurrence or isolated SCF recurrence. There were no IMN only recurrences. Among the 8 patients with nodal recurrence, a total of 27 individual GTV_recurrence were identified in the axilla(n=11), SCF(n=11) and IMN (n=5). IMN recurrences showed complete or partial overlap with CTV. SCF recurrences were a mix with predominantly in-field recurrences while axillary recurrences occurred outside the treated volume.Four (6.6%) patients had Grade 2 lymphoedema as documented late side effect. ConclusionAggressive treatment of IMN disease with adjuvant radiation is effective with good locoregional control. Systemic recurrences are common and may benefit from intensification strategies.
ER -