Where solitons are in a KdV soliton gas
Abstract
The Korteweg-De Vries (KdV) equation is a paradigmatic model of integrable classical fields, with solitonic solutions where localised profiles interact by elastic, factorised scattering. When solitons interact, their shapes are modified, and individual solitons cannot be identified. This is a key problem in soliton gas where one needs a density of solitons per unit distance: can we locate asymptotic objects, quasiparticles, even at finite times in the macroscopic limit? Quasiparticles' positions should satisfy locality properties, the field in mesoscopic regions being determined by quasiparticles lying there. We solve this problem for the KdV equation. We define solitons' positions as functions of spectral and impact parameters via an expansion bijection generalising that of hard rods. These ``KdV rods'' solve the semiclassical Bethe equations, implementing the collision rate ansatz, and satisfy a repulsion condition generalising the rods' lengths to the KdV scattering shifts and related to the condensate condition. This gives an explicit characterisation of multi-soliton fields in terms of solitons' positions instead of impact parameters. We construct fluid-cell projections, that project out solitons lying outside mesoscopic regions: the resulting field is unchanged in this region and supported there up to small corrections. We show that in the weak limit, conserved densities are given by the empirical density for these solitons' positions. Thus we have associated a kinetic theory of quasiparticles to the KdV equation. The results hold under natural assumptions on spectral and impact parameters, and no randomness is required. Our proof is based on novel solitonic tau functions. This is a crucial step towards rigorously deriving the kinetic equation of the KdV soliton gas, first proposed by Gennady El in 2003. We believe the methods are generalisable to other solitonic models.
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BibTeX
@misc{doyon2026where,
title = {{Where solitons are in a KdV soliton gas}},
author = {Benjamin Doyon},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2605.18093},
eprint = {2605.18093},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.18093},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Where solitons are in a KdV soliton gas
AU - Benjamin Doyon
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/27
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2605.18093
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.18093
AB - The Korteweg-De Vries (KdV) equation is a paradigmatic model of integrable classical fields, with solitonic solutions where localised profiles interact by elastic, factorised scattering. When solitons interact, their shapes are modified, and individual solitons cannot be identified. This is a key problem in soliton gas where one needs a density of solitons per unit distance: can we locate asymptotic objects, quasiparticles, even at finite times in the macroscopic limit? Quasiparticles' positions should satisfy locality properties, the field in mesoscopic regions being determined by quasiparticles lying there. We solve this problem for the KdV equation. We define solitons' positions as functions of spectral and impact parameters via an expansion bijection generalising that of hard rods. These ``KdV rods'' solve the semiclassical Bethe equations, implementing the collision rate ansatz, and satisfy a repulsion condition generalising the rods' lengths to the KdV scattering shifts and related to the condensate condition. This gives an explicit characterisation of multi-soliton fields in terms of solitons' positions instead of impact parameters. We construct fluid-cell projections, that project out solitons lying outside mesoscopic regions: the resulting field is unchanged in this region and supported there up to small corrections. We show that in the weak limit, conserved densities are given by the empirical density for these solitons' positions. Thus we have associated a kinetic theory of quasiparticles to the KdV equation. The results hold under natural assumptions on spectral and impact parameters, and no randomness is required. Our proof is based on novel solitonic tau functions. This is a crucial step towards rigorously deriving the kinetic equation of the KdV soliton gas, first proposed by Gennady El in 2003. We believe the methods are generalisable to other solitonic models.
ER -