Stimulation-stability and preclinical bench testing of a new auditory nerve interface.
10 affiliations
- 1Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, 26506, WV, USA. [email protected].
- 2MED-EL, Innsbruck, Austria.
- 3Blackrock Neurotech, Salt Lake City, 84108, UT, USA.
- 4Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, 26506, WV, USA.
- 5Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA.
- 6Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, MN, USA.
- 7Department of Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
- 8Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84112, UT, USA.
- 9Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, MN, USA.
- 10Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, 26506, WV, USA.
Abstract
Objective
Cochlear implants are the flagship sensory neural prosthetic, enabling improved hearing and speech perception in >1 million patients with hearing loss. Despite over three decades of active work and innovations in cochlear implants, hearing performance for complex tasks such as speech-in-noise and music appreciation are still quite limited, putatively due to the challenge of selectively stimulating the auditory nerve with intracochlear electrodes through the bony cochlear wall. Our approach is to more selectively evoke hearing percepts through the development of an Auditory Nerve Implant (ANI) device that uses penetrating microelectrodes placed directly in the nerve for stimulation, and which will be evaluated through psychophysical testing as part of a first-in-human study. Stability and integrity of ANI electrodes during passive soaking and stimulation are needed to support initiation of the clinical trial, which we evaluated through thermal accelerated saline soak testing and stimulation stability testing.Methods
The ANI electrode stability in saline was assessed by accelerated aging at ≥ 67 [Formula: see text]C with a 1.5-year equivalent endpoint using electrode impedance and microscopy to characterize outcomes. Stimulation stability testing evaluated electrode integrity after 6.3 billion pulses at 100 μA, which is the maximum clinical stimulation intensity, for a one-year equivalent use, and 1200 μA, for a high-dose protocol. Electrode impedance, longitudinal stimulation voltage, and microscopy outcomes were used to the quantify results.Results
All electrodes had stable impedances around 2 kΩ at the end of the accelerated soak test, except for three with higher impedances but still below the 70 kΩ failure criteria. All but one electrode survived stimulation stability testing. Optical and electron microscopy largely showed little to no change during testing, indicating no observable tip degradation, with the exception of one soak-test device.Conclusions
The outcomes from the studies indicate that ANI electrodes exhibit a high degree of integrity and impedance stability. Microscopy characterization proved effective for evaluating electrodes, providing complementary information to standard Backscattered Scanning Electron Microscopy (BSEM). This study suggests the ANI device tolerate a 1.5 year in-dwelling period for a 1 year perceptual study of stimulation evoked percepts, paving the way for clinical translation.
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BibTeX
@article{stump2026stimulationstability,
title = {{Stimulation-stability and preclinical bench testing of a new auditory nerve interface.}},
author = {Taylor Stump and Stefan Strahl and Joseph Crew and Moritz Leber and Keno Hübner and Sandeep Negi and Justin Vankirk and Meredith E Adams and Thomas Lenarz and Florian Solzbacher and Hubert H Lim and Loren Rieth},
journal = {Bioelectronic medicine},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1186/s42234-026-00215-x},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42875811},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Stimulation-stability and preclinical bench testing of a new auditory nerve interface.
AU - Taylor Stump
AU - Stefan Strahl
AU - Joseph Crew
AU - Moritz Leber
AU - Keno Hübner
AU - Sandeep Negi
AU - Justin Vankirk
AU - Meredith E Adams
AU - Thomas Lenarz
AU - Florian Solzbacher
AU - Hubert H Lim
AU - Loren Rieth
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/14
JO - Bioelectronic medicine
DO - 10.1186/s42234-026-00215-x
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42875811
AB - Objective Cochlear implants are the flagship sensory neural prosthetic, enabling improved hearing and speech perception in >1 million patients with hearing loss. Despite over three decades of active work and innovations in cochlear implants, hearing performance for complex tasks such as speech-in-noise and music appreciation are still quite limited, putatively due to the challenge of selectively stimulating the auditory nerve with intracochlear electrodes through the bony cochlear wall. Our approach is to more selectively evoke hearing percepts through the development of an Auditory Nerve Implant (ANI) device that uses penetrating microelectrodes placed directly in the nerve for stimulation, and which will be evaluated through psychophysical testing as part of a first-in-human study. Stability and integrity of ANI electrodes during passive soaking and stimulation are needed to support initiation of the clinical trial, which we evaluated through thermal accelerated saline soak testing and stimulation stability testing.Methods The ANI electrode stability in saline was assessed by accelerated aging at ≥ 67 [Formula: see text]C with a 1.5-year equivalent endpoint using electrode impedance and microscopy to characterize outcomes. Stimulation stability testing evaluated electrode integrity after 6.3 billion pulses at 100 μA, which is the maximum clinical stimulation intensity, for a one-year equivalent use, and 1200 μA, for a high-dose protocol. Electrode impedance, longitudinal stimulation voltage, and microscopy outcomes were used to the quantify results.Results All electrodes had stable impedances around 2 kΩ at the end of the accelerated soak test, except for three with higher impedances but still below the 70 kΩ failure criteria. All but one electrode survived stimulation stability testing. Optical and electron microscopy largely showed little to no change during testing, indicating no observable tip degradation, with the exception of one soak-test device.Conclusions The outcomes from the studies indicate that ANI electrodes exhibit a high degree of integrity and impedance stability. Microscopy characterization proved effective for evaluating electrodes, providing complementary information to standard Backscattered Scanning Electron Microscopy (BSEM). This study suggests the ANI device tolerate a 1.5 year in-dwelling period for a 1 year perceptual study of stimulation evoked percepts, paving the way for clinical translation.
SN - 2332-8886
ER -