Mechanochemical activation of orange peel waste: enhanced surface reactivity and efficient cationic dye removal from water
8 affiliations
- 1State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology Dalian P. R. China
- 2State Key Laboratory of Urban Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
- 3School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei China
- 4School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology Dalian P. R. China
- 5Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University P. O. Box 84428 Riyadh 11671 Saudi Arabia
- 6Institute of Chemical Engineering & Technology, University of Punjab Lahore Pakistan
- 7Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- 8Sulaiman Bin Abdullah Aba Al-Khail-Centre for Interdisciplinary, Research in Basic Science, Faculty of Basic & Applied Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad Pakistan
Abstract
Dye-contaminated wastewater poses a serious environmental challenge because synthetic dyes are toxic and resistant to biodegradation. Even at minimal concentrations, these pollutants can threaten ecosystems, underscoring the urgent need for efficient adsorbents. In this study, ball-milled orange peel powder (BM-OP) was explored as a sustainable adsorbent for cationic dye removal from aqueous solutions. Ball milling significantly enhanced the physicochemical properties of orange peel, increasing the surface area from 3.5 to 8.5 m2 g−1 and expanding the pore diameter from 6.3 to 13.1 nm, thereby facilitating active sites and dye diffusion. Adsorption analysis showed that the equilibrium data were reasonably defined by the Langmuir isotherm model. The fitted Langmuir capacities were 485.05 mg g−1 for methylene blue (MB) and 583.60 mg g−1 for methyl violet (MV). Adsorption kinetics were found to be well aligned with pseudo-second-order model (R2 = 0.99), suggesting enhanced accessibility of adsorption sites following the modification process. The results demonstrated that BM-OP could be effectively regenerated using KH2PO4, with desorption efficiencies of 92.4% for MB and 94.5% for MV. In addition, the adsorbent showed good reusability over eight successive adsorption–desorption cycles. These results show that BM-OP is an efficient and cost-effective adsorbent for cationic dye removal from wastewater.
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BibTeX
@article{shafiq2026mechanochemical,
title = {{Mechanochemical activation of orange peel waste: enhanced surface reactivity and efficient cationic dye removal from water}},
author = {Farishta Shafiq and Muhammad Sarfraz and Waseem Raza and Noman Ali and Najla AlMasoud and Taghrid S. Alomar and Mudassar Azam and Nadeem Raza and Muhammad Riaz},
journal = {RSC advances},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1039/d6ra06109e},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13670039},
note = {CC BY-NC},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Mechanochemical activation of orange peel waste: enhanced surface reactivity and efficient cationic dye removal from water
AU - Farishta Shafiq
AU - Muhammad Sarfraz
AU - Waseem Raza
AU - Noman Ali
AU - Najla AlMasoud
AU - Taghrid S. Alomar
AU - Mudassar Azam
AU - Nadeem Raza
AU - Muhammad Riaz
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/15
JO - RSC advances
DO - 10.1039/d6ra06109e
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13670039
AB - Dye-contaminated wastewater poses a serious environmental challenge because synthetic dyes are toxic and resistant to biodegradation. Even at minimal concentrations, these pollutants can threaten ecosystems, underscoring the urgent need for efficient adsorbents. In this study, ball-milled orange peel powder (BM-OP) was explored as a sustainable adsorbent for cationic dye removal from aqueous solutions. Ball milling significantly enhanced the physicochemical properties of orange peel, increasing the surface area from 3.5 to 8.5 m2 g−1 and expanding the pore diameter from 6.3 to 13.1 nm, thereby facilitating active sites and dye diffusion. Adsorption analysis showed that the equilibrium data were reasonably defined by the Langmuir isotherm model. The fitted Langmuir capacities were 485.05 mg g−1 for methylene blue (MB) and 583.60 mg g−1 for methyl violet (MV). Adsorption kinetics were found to be well aligned with pseudo-second-order model (R2 = 0.99), suggesting enhanced accessibility of adsorption sites following the modification process. The results demonstrated that BM-OP could be effectively regenerated using KH2PO4, with desorption efficiencies of 92.4% for MB and 94.5% for MV. In addition, the adsorbent showed good reusability over eight successive adsorption–desorption cycles. These results show that BM-OP is an efficient and cost-effective adsorbent for cationic dye removal from wastewater.
SN - 2046-2069
ER -