Comparative Evaluation of Encapsulation Methods for Endohedral Doping of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

Abstract

Single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are promising building blocks for nanoelectronic and optoelectronic devices, yet reliable and stable doping, particularly n type, remains challenging due to strong environmental sensitivity and competing extrinsic effects. Encapsulation of charge transfer molecules within the SWCNT cavity offers a promising route to stable doping while preserving the nanotubes outer surface for subsequent processing. Here, we systematically investigate the filling of arc discharge SWCNTs with the electron donor tetrathiafulvalene and electron acceptor tetracyanoquinodimethane, comparing different methods for filling, including melt filling, solution reflux, and vacuum phase sublimation. We follow the entire processing workflow from raw, unfilled powders to aqueous dispersions and employ density gradient ultracentrifugation to separate filled from empty nanotubes as well as metallic from semiconducting ones. Encapsulation efficiency and electronic modification are assessed using absorption spectroscopy, resonant Raman scattering, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance. Finally, we introduce a complementary vacuum-phase method that removes externally adsorbed molecules without extensive solvent washing, enabling cleaner encapsulated systems.

Versions

10.1016/j.carbon.2026.122158Published version10.1016/j.carbon.2026.122158

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Cite

BibTeX RIS

BibTeX

@misc{borjapena2026comparative,
  title = {{Comparative Evaluation of Encapsulation Methods for Endohedral Doping of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes}},
  author = {Cristian M. Borja-Peña and Martin Magg and Hussein Slim and Yamaldi M. Bakary and Timm Swoboda and Cedric Desroches and Denys Kurylo and Kazuhiro Yanagi and Marianna Sledzinska and Benjamin S. Flavel and Salomé Forel and Wim Wenseleers and Sofie Cambré},
  howpublished = {arXiv},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2607.03151},
  eprint = {2607.03151},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.03151},
  note = {CC BY-NC-SA 4.0},
}

RIS

TY  - UNPB
TI  - Comparative Evaluation of Encapsulation Methods for Endohedral Doping of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes
AU  - Cristian M. Borja-Peña
AU  - Martin Magg
AU  - Hussein Slim
AU  - Yamaldi M. Bakary
AU  - Timm Swoboda
AU  - Cedric Desroches
AU  - Denys Kurylo
AU  - Kazuhiro Yanagi
AU  - Marianna Sledzinska
AU  - Benjamin S. Flavel
AU  - Salomé Forel
AU  - Wim Wenseleers
AU  - Sofie Cambré
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/24
PB  - arXiv
DO  - 10.48550/arxiv.2607.03151
UR  - https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.03151
AB  - Single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are promising building blocks for nanoelectronic and optoelectronic devices, yet reliable and stable doping, particularly n type, remains challenging due to strong environmental sensitivity and competing extrinsic effects. Encapsulation of charge transfer molecules within the SWCNT cavity offers a promising route to stable doping while preserving the nanotubes outer surface for subsequent processing. Here, we systematically investigate the filling of arc discharge SWCNTs with the electron donor tetrathiafulvalene and electron acceptor tetracyanoquinodimethane, comparing different methods for filling, including melt filling, solution reflux, and vacuum phase sublimation. We follow the entire processing workflow from raw, unfilled powders to aqueous dispersions and employ density gradient ultracentrifugation to separate filled from empty nanotubes as well as metallic from semiconducting ones. Encapsulation efficiency and electronic modification are assessed using absorption spectroscopy, resonant Raman scattering, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance. Finally, we introduce a complementary vacuum-phase method that removes externally adsorbed molecules without extensive solvent washing, enabling cleaner encapsulated systems.
ER  -

Abstract

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