REVOLUTIONS, ALLAH, AND THE MODERN STATE

Abstract

Revolutions have transformed not only political institutions but also the relationship between

religious authority, individual belief, and state sovereignty. Yet these transformations have not

followed a single historical trajectory. In some cases, revolutionary movements limited

established religious institutions while protecting individual religious practice; in others, they

promoted state atheism or incorporated religious jurisprudence into the constitutional structure

of the state. This article compares five historical cases—England, the United States, France,

Soviet Russia, and Iran—to examine how revolutionary change reshaped the relationship

between religion and political power. It distinguishes personal belief in Allah, institutional

religion, secularization, constitutional religious liberty, state-sponsored atheism, and the

political institutionalization of religious authority. Using a comparative historical and

constitutional approach, the study identifies differences in the sources of political legitimacy and

in the legal position of religious institutions across the five cases. The analysis suggests that

revolution does not necessarily eliminate religion from public life. Rather, it can redistribute

religious authority, redefine the boundaries of state power, restrict religious practice, protect

freedom of conscience, or establish new forms of religious governance. The central argument is

that the political consequences of revolution must be assessed by distinguishing the

transformation of religious institutions from the persistence of individual faith and the legal

guarantees afforded to conscience

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Cite

BibTeX RIS

BibTeX

@misc{kaya2026revolutions,
  title = {{REVOLUTIONS, ALLAH, AND THE MODERN STATE}},
  author = {Zakir Kaya},
  howpublished = {Zenodo},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.5281/zenodo.23674515},
  url = {https://zenodo.org/records/23674515},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}

RIS

TY  - UNPB
TI  - REVOLUTIONS, ALLAH, AND THE MODERN STATE
AU  - Zakir Kaya
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/26
PB  - Zenodo
DO  - 10.5281/zenodo.23674515
UR  - https://zenodo.org/records/23674515
AB  - Revolutions have transformed not only political institutions but also the relationship between  religious authority, individual belief, and state sovereignty. Yet these transformations have not  followed a single historical trajectory. In some cases, revolutionary movements limited  established religious institutions while protecting individual religious practice; in others, they  promoted state atheism or incorporated religious jurisprudence into the constitutional structure  of the state. This article compares five historical cases—England, the United States, France,  Soviet Russia, and Iran—to examine how revolutionary change reshaped the relationship  between religion and political power. It distinguishes personal belief in Allah, institutional  religion, secularization, constitutional religious liberty, state-sponsored atheism, and the  political institutionalization of religious authority. Using a comparative historical and  constitutional approach, the study identifies differences in the sources of political legitimacy and  in the legal position of religious institutions across the five cases. The analysis suggests that  revolution does not necessarily eliminate religion from public life. Rather, it can redistribute  religious authority, redefine the boundaries of state power, restrict religious practice, protect  freedom of conscience, or establish new forms of religious governance. The central argument is  that the political consequences of revolution must be assessed by distinguishing the  transformation of religious institutions from the persistence of individual faith and the legal  guarantees afforded to conscience
ER  -

Abstract

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